公正한 報償이 企業의 組織有效性에 미치는 效果

金聲國 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1992 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.60 No.2

Conflict over distributive and procedural justice in allocating scarce resources is widespread in organizations. Distributive justice refers to the perceived fairness of the amounts of compensation employees receive ; procedural justice refers to the perceived fairness of the means used to determine those amounts. Two frequently used criteria concerning distributive justice(especially in labor-management disputes) are equity and equality. Some researchers hypothesize that equity will be the basis for distributing outcomes in the economic sphere of social activity, whereas equality will be the dominant principle of distributive justice when the goal is to foster or maintain good interpersonal relations. There are, of course, other bases of distributive justice(e.g. need), but equity and equality seem to be the two major solutions to the distributive justice problem. This study investigates the relationship between distributive/procedural justice and organizational effectiveness. Organizational effectiveness was operationalized as a composite of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, job involvement and perceived performance of employees. Research on individual difference suggests that a number of demographic and psychological variables affect how individuals react to inequitable treatment. Based on the new perspective on equity theory "equity sensitivity" by Huseman / Hatfield / Miles (1987), this paper investigates individual differences in reactions to inequity. The equity sensitivity construct proposed in this paper suggests that individuals react in consistent but individually different ways to both perceived equity and inequity because they have different preferences for (i.e., different degrees of sensitivity to) equity. According to Huseman et al., there are three classes of individuals represented along the continuum of these preferences (a) Benevolents, those who prefer their outcome/input ratios to be less than the outcome/input ratios of the comparison other ; (b) Equity Sensitives, those who, confirming to the traditional norm of equity, prefer their outcome/input ratios to equal those of the comparison others ; and (c) Entitleds, those who prefer their outcome/input ratios to exceed the comparison others. The equity sensitivity construct was believed to pose a number of implications for equity research in organizations. Thus, under this new perspective, this paper set forth to enhance the utility of equity theory as a framework for understanding and predicting attitudinal outcomes of employees. A major purpose of the study was to test the following hypotheses : Hypothesis 1 : There will be a positive relationship between perceived equitable compensation(distributive justice) and the organizational effectiveness of a firm. Hypothesis 2 : There will be a positive relationship between perceived procedural justice, concerning a firms compensation policy and practices and the organizational effectiveness of a firm. Hypothesis 3 : Employees of the investigated firm will show themselves as "Equity Sensitives", that is, they will be subscribe to the norm of equity and feel distress when either overrewarded or underrewarded. Hypothesis 1 and 2 were partially confirmed, whereas hypothesis 3 was not supported. Equity Sensitives are most content when their outcome/input ratios equal those of the comparison other. In fact, respondents of the questionnaire were identified as typical "Entitleds", who have much, but want and expect more, based on the assumption that is rightfully his or hers. One of the important managerial implications, which can be extracted from the results of this study, is as follows : employees want a compensation system that they perceive as being just, unambiguous, and in line with their expectations. When compensation fairly reflects job performance and community pay standards, then job satisfaction, organizational commitment, job involvement, and perceived performance are likely to result. The essential linkage of compensation to organizational effectiveness is not the absolute amount one is paid ; rather, it is the perception of fairness. Furthermore, the equity sensitivity construct poses another implication for managers of those organizations involved in this study. As an individual difference variable, equity sensitivity is proposed as a means to moderate relationship between an individuals perceptions of equity and organizational outcome such as job satisfaction.

우리나라 해외지사 인력개발에 관한 실증적 연구 : 독일지사를 중심으로

金聲國 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1991 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.59 No.2

This study deals with problems concerning the Human Resources Development (HRD) of overseas expatriates of Korean firms, especially in Germany. It focused on the HRD problems of expatriate managers and employees and furthermore to find appropriate solution strategies for such problems. As in many transfer cases to foreign countries, expatriates to Germany are confronted with different environmental requirements and challenges as they operate. In this regard, the human resource management for overseas assignment should be conducted differently from that of parent country. This study assumes that an effective human resources development for expatriates will result in successful overseas operation. Considering such views, this study concentrated on developing effective HRD for the overseas expatriates. Thus, the purposes of this study can be summarized in this manner: (1) to analyze the status quo of human resource development activities of Korean firms in Germany. Through this analysis, problems can be detected. (2) to derive appropriate solutions or proposals for existing problems. These proposals are aimed in setting desirable orientation for the overseas expatriates sent from the headquarter of Korean firms. With a view to fulfilling the goals of this research, overseas human resource development were classified into four major categories: (1) training and education activities which include, preparing training programs of expatriates before transferring to an overseas branch (2) promotion and career development programs (3) repatriation of expatriates to headquarters after their mission in Germany (4) expatriates opportunities for their personal and occupational development and intention to leave A questionnaire was developed to study the selected HRD activities of Korean firms for overseas expatriates. Respondents were mainly expatriate managers of Korean firms in Germany. Along with the questionnaire, interviews were conducted in order to gather detailed information regarding the theme of this study. Respondents indicated that the overall existing programs prepared by headquarters were weak. Especifically preparing program for effective adaptation of those transferred to a branch in Germany, was not sufficient enough. Also the training program during the operation in German branches were not sufficient enough. Also the training program during the operation in German branches were not being systematically conducted. Furthermore, re-adjustment programs for the repatriates were not effective. There was a definite negative association between the degree of satisfaction with the opportunities for personal and occupational development and expatriates intention to leave in Germany. This study shows the importance of assessing comprehensive HRD programs for expatriates of an international firm. This includes not only the intense preparation for personnel about to go abroad, but also on-site support for them, once they are there and then dealing with any reentry problems when the officials return.

인삼첨가방법을 달리한 전통 인삼 약주 제조 연구

국순자,이성갑 한경대학교 2003 論文集 Vol.35 No.-

1. 발효기간동안의 알코올을 함량은 담금 3~5일 사이에 가장 많은 알코올발효가 일어났으며, 담금 후 누룩중의 amylase 작용으로 전분질이 당화되면서 효모에 의한 알코올 발효로 일정기간까지 약주 술덧중의 에탄올 함량은 상승되었다. 2. 담금직후 술덧의 pH가 급격히 감소하였으며 2일 후부터 pH가 점차 증가하였다. 산도는 담금 1일에는 감소하였으나 담금 2일부터 증가하여 발효말기인 6일까지 완만한 추세를 보였다. 3. 환원당은 담금 2일에 가장 높았으며 3일에 급격히 감소하여 발효후기 까지는 서서히 감소하였고 대조구인 순곡주에 비해 인삼을 첨가한 처리구에서 유기산 함량의 큰 변화는 나타나지 않았으며 인삼을 첨가한 처리구에서는 alanine과 proline의 함량이 높게 나타났고 특히 lysine, arginine등의 함량이 생·찐수삼주는 13.93, 43.09 ppm, 순곡주는 11.03, 36.62 ppm으로 순곡주에 비해 높게 나타났다 4. Isoamyl alcohol은 순곡주 351에 비해 생·찐수삼주는 402 ppm이 검출되었으며 에탄올과 유사한 향인 isobutyi alcohol도 순곡주 148에 비해 생·찐수삼주가 209 ppm이 검출되어 이 모든 향기성분이 합하여 발산되므로 생·찐수삼주가 흙냄새를 둔화시켜 주는 것으로 나타났으며 주요 유리당 함량은 glucose>maltose>sucrose>fructose 순이었고 인삼첨가 처리구에서 대조구에 비해 유리당 함량이 높게 나타났다. 5. Ginsenosides는 생수삼주가 13.51 생·찐수삼주는 11.58로 비교구인 홍삼 침출주 9.69보다 높게 검출 되었고 인삼의 첨가로 인해 맛, 향, 종합적 기호도는 전체적로 상승하였다. 6. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 전통 약주의 제조시 인삼의 첨가는 약주의 전체적인 품질을 크게 향상시켰으며 특히 인삼을 생것과 찐 것을 적절히 배합하여 처리한 생·찐수삼주는 isoamyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, ethylacetate alcohol등이 인삼을 생으로 마쇄하여 넣은 처리구에 비해 다량 검출되어 이 모든 향기성분이 발산되면서 흙냄새가 둔화되는 것으로 판단된다. 아미노산 발효과정 중 술덧의 이화학적 특성변화는 보이지 않았다. Alcohol was produced the most high content for the first 3~5 days fermentation during all the fermentation period. Lysine and arginine contents were higher in fresh+steamed ginseng wine with values of 13.93 and 43.09 ppm compared to 11.03 and 36.62 ppm for rice wine. Ginsenoside were higher in fresh ginseng wine by 9.69 compared to fresh+steamed ginseng wine with the values of 13.51 for fresh ginseng wine and 11.58 for fresh+steamed ginseng wine. As a results, adding ginseng to the liquor at the time of producing traditional ginseng wine increases the overall quality. Particularly, using sufficient mixture of fresh and steamed ginseng is estimated to weaken the smell of soil as it emits more scent related elements such as isoamyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and ethyl acetate alcohol etc. compared to the trial wine with grinded raw ginseng.

단상유도전동기의 부하적응형 위상제어시스템 설계

이성길,김승국,박수강 광주보건대학 2003 論文集 Vol.28 No.-

The three-phase induction motor is rugged, reliable, long-lived, self-starting, smooth-running. But it is relatively inexpensive and three-phase power in not available everywhere, so if possible we need single-phase motor with the same characteristics. In fact, single-phase induction motors have excellent characteristics and outnumber the three-phase variety. Most of the small electric motors used in home, farm, or office are single-phase induction motors of one type or another. This electric motors application field need most energy saving type drive according to enlargement of electronic goods and to tend high class. The paper is proposed a various phase control methods for energy saving of single- phase induction motor. The controllers that are embodied by each method can use by various usage according to each performance and it is considered that application may help in the electrical energy saving because is possible to other electrical appliances.

다원수면기록에 의한 한국인 20대 정상 성인의 수면에 관한 연구

왕성근,김상국 大韓神經精神醫學會 1991 신경정신의학 Vol.30 No.5

Polysomnography has been increasingly used for the purpose of clinical study and basic research. But, until now, there has been no polysomnographic study on the normal control and sleep disorders in Korea. The authors tried polysomnographic study to establish the reference data of normal young Koreans. The subjects were 18 healthy young adults. ranging in age from 19 years to 27 years. without past or present histories of significant medical. neurological. or psychiatric illness. They did not have current major sleep disturbances or parasomnias. Each subject stayed one night for adaptation before recording started. We tried to conform to each subject’s normal sleep schedule as much as possible. Electrode placement〔two unipolar electroence-phalographic leads (C₃,C₄)〕,two unipolar electro-oculogram (right and left outer canthi), and bipolar electromyographic leads(submentalis muscle)〕and scoring were carried out by the methods of Rechtschaffen and Kale. The results were summarized as follows. 1) The average total sleep time was 443.6 minutes and sleep efficiency was 92.2%. 2) The average sleep latency was 13.8 minutes and REM latency was 105.4 minutes. 3) The number of REM sleep was 4.6 times average, mean REM duration was 22.5 minutes. mean REM cycle was 92.8 minutes. 4) The fractions of each sleep stage to TST were as follows; stage 1 was 13.6%, stage 2 was 44.7%, stage 3 was 12.3%, stage 4 was 6.6% and REM stage was 22.8% 5) The slow wave sleep was concentrated in the first half of the night and REM sleep was concentrated in the last half of the night.

중성염을 첨가하여 알칼리 가수분해한 PET 직물의 물성

도성국 東亞大學校 1995 東亞論叢 Vol.32 No.-

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was hydrolzyed with aqueous solutions of many salts in alkali metal hydroxides under various conditions. Several physical properties were investigated and the photographs of scanning eletron microscope of the ethched surface of the hydrolysed PET were taken. Some conclusions obtained from the experimental results were summarized as follows. 1. No significant change was observed with different salts used. The physical properties of the hydrolysed PET were independent of the difference in kind of salts used. The tensile strength and the handle value were decreased with the increase in the weight less. The density and the degree of crystallinity of hydrolysed PET were decreased initially, after passing the minimum value, then increased to about the degree of the crystallinity of untreated PET. Added salts with greater positive effects on the hydrolysis etched fiber surface more severely, and the severeness was nearly agreed with the order of the acceleration effect of salts added. 2. It was thought that salts in aqueous NaOH solution accelearating the hydrolysis of PET would contribute to the conservation of energy and NaOH in the weight loss finishing process of PET fabric without further purchasing or equpping other facilities.

대학생들의 氣에 대한 의식 조사 연구

홍성균,이성수,안규동,이병국 순천향대학교 산업의학연구소 2001 순천향산업의학 Vol.7 No.1

Ki is emerging and getting popular as a new alternative therapy in new millenium. The purpose of this study was to investigate the understanding and experience of the Ki therapy for college students. 320(Male=138, Female=182) students were participate in this study. Study subjects were answered with prepared 8 questions for their personal opinion and experience about Ki therapy. Study variables about personal information such as sex, blood type, religion, health status, personality, parent's religion, parent' occupation and parent educational level were also collected. The results of this study were as follows; 1 Among all study students (n=320), 89% of students answered positively in the existence of Ki, whereas only 11% answered negatively. 2. Among all study students (n=320), 13% (n=41) of students had a chance to have a Ki therapy and among 41 students 93% of them had experienced real Ki in any kind of form. 3. Among 41 Ki experienced students, 32% of students felt a feeling of floating and flying, 25% of students felt a feeling of pulling from the back and 21% of students felt a feeling of warming and comfortable, 10% of students felt refreshment and 5% of students felt a feeling of dizziness, whereas only 7% of students did not feel anything from Ki therapy. 4. While 53% of students among 41 Ki experienced students experienced their Ki in Ki training center, 31% and 6% of students experienced in college or university and other place, respectively. 5. Among all study students, 89% of students thought that Ki therapy was useful and wanted to have Ki therapy in case of medical attention, whereas only 11 % of students did not want Ki therapy. 6. Among study students with positive thinking about Ki therapy, 24% and 23% of students thought Ki therapy useful for (endocrine and skin diseases) and chronic adult diseases such as hypertension, cardiac disease, diabetes and obesity, respectively, whereas 21% and 18% of study students thought Ki therapy useful for neuropsychiatric disease and digestive diseases, respectively. 7. Regarding to the reason of attraction of Ki therapy compared with other treatment methods, 51% of students answered that Ki therapy gave comfortable and easiness to mind and 42% of students answered that it did not need any kind of injection or medicine.

반응염료의 화학구조가 견직물의 염색성에 미치는 영향

도성국 東亞大學校 1998 東亞論叢 Vol.35 No.-

The dyeabilities of C. I. Reactive Blue 240 (R240, MW; 963.5) and C. I. Reactive Red 241 (R241, MW; 1135.5) were investigated. Initial dyeing rates were increased and the amount of dye on the fabric at equilibrium was decreased with temperature like other ordinary dyeing processes. Activation entropy(△S) was somewhat decreased because of loose bonding between dyestuffs and fiber molecules at transition state. It can be clarified that the entire reaction is exothermic and the number of molecular species at transition state becomes greater from decrease in activation enthalpy(△H) and the increase in activation free energy(△G) with temperature, respectively. Because of the bigger size of the dye molecule, the reaction rate of R241 was slower than that of R240.

우리나라 연·기금 단체의 기금운용 문제점 및 개선방안 : With Emphasis on Financial Perspective

신승국,김용갑 용인대학교 산업경영연구소 1999 산업경영논총 Vol.5 No.-

The pension and fund raising institutions of our country has been growing rapidly in quantity. But in respect of quality, They loose asset management, inability in application of sophisticated financial skill, less flexibility in business operation, lack in entrepreneurship of top manager, and inapt handling of drastic environmental change which they are confronted cause thorn to be drowned in unstable financial status. People obliging tem be a member of these institutions regardless of theiy will expect to improve effective operation of pension and funcls So the performance of these institutions is closely related with the stabilization of livelihood and the welfare of their members. This article has suggested some financial schemes which would lead to the good performance of these institutions, particularly in their fund raising perspective.

韓國産고추의 品質에 關한 綜合的 硏究

裵國雄,李盛雨 漢陽大學校 韓國生活科學硏究所 1990 韓國 生活 科學 硏究 Vol.- No.9

In order to evaluate the overall Korean red pepper's quality, Jeongseon-Jaerae and Hot-Portugal varieties were selected as samples and purchased from Kyungdong market located in Seoul which confirmed the varieties and drying methods(sun drying and hot air drying). The pericarp, seed, placenta and stem were separated and then general properties, general compositions, capsaicinoids, chromatocity, free amino acids, organic acids, free sugars, vitamin C, fatty acids and 5'-nucleotides were analyzed. The results are summarized as follows. 1.Properties of red pepper were not affected by the drying methods. In the weight ratio of each part, there were no difference between drying methods, however some varieties of Hot -Portugal contained a smaller amount of pericarps(45%) and higher content of seed(44∼45%) compared to the Jeongseon-Jaerae variety (49% in pericarps, 42∼43% in seed ). 2.General compositions of red peppers were as follows. Moisture content was 7∼9%, total sugar was 63%, crude protein was 15∼16.5%, crude fat was 15∼16% and the crude ash was 5∼6.5%. Varieties and drying methods of red peppers did not produce any significant difference in the composition of general constituents. 3.Capsaicinoids of red peppers were quantitatively analyzed by HPLC and then identified with GC -MS. As a result, 3 kinds of homologous such as nordihydrocapsaicin, capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were confirmed. Dihydrocapsaicin was mainly detected in the placenta. Capsaicinoids content in each part of red peppers were higher in placenta. There was no remarkable tendency of capsaicinoids content in each part of red peppers according to varieties, but the total amount of capsaicinoids in Jeongseon-Jaerae was 2∼3 times larger than what was found in the Hot -Portugal. The total amount of capsaicinoids in sun dried red peppers was larger than the amount in hot air dried red peppers. 4.The pericarp powder of red poppers was suitable for sample of color evaluation. On Hunfer-lab values, L value(brightness) and a value(red) of pericarp powder were higher in Jeongseon-Jaerae than in Hot-Portugal. In Jeongseon-Jaerae, it was about 15% higher in sun dried red peppers compared to hot air dried. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in Hot-Portugal according to drying methods. Also b value(yellow) showed same tendency of L and a value. The ratio of a to b(a/b) was higher in Hot -Portugal than in Jeongseon-Jaerae. The ratio was higher in sun dried red poppers of both varieties. In means sun dried red peppers show more intense color than hot air dried ones. 5.Total seventeen kinds of free amino acids were identified in each part of red peppers and amount of free amino acids of the Jeongseon-Jaerae were larger than in the Hot-Portugal. Pro-line was contained comparatively larger amount in all parts of the red peppers regardless of varieties and drying methods, except seed portion. And except seed, amount of free amino acids were larger in sun dried red peppers of both varieties. 6.As organic acids contained in each part of red poppers were succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, citric acid and quinic acid, and these five kinds of organic acids were isolated. Among these acids, the content of quinic acid was highest in each part, namely Jeongseon-Jaerae showed 93∼97% and in Hot-Portugal showed 92% of total organic acid content. As a whole, total amount of organic acids were larger in Jeongseon-Jaerae than in Hot-Portugal regardless of drying methods. In the Jeongseon-Jaerae, the amount of organic acids were slightly larger in hot air dried red pepper. 7.Total amount of free sugary were larger in Hot -Portugal than in the Jeongseon-Jaerae. As reducing sugars, fructose and glucose were mostly contained in the pericarp in both varieties of red peppers regardless of drying methods, and sucrose was mainly contained in seeds. Also in Jeongseon-Jaerae, in each part, larger amount of free sugars were contained in hot air dried red pepper compared to the sun dried ones. But there was not much difference in the Hot-Portugal according to drying methods. 8.Vitamin C was mainly distributed in pericarp, and in placenta only small amount was contained. Under the same drying method, the vitamin C content of Hot-Portugal was slightly higher than Jeongseon-Jaerae. The vitamin C content in pericarps was higher in hot air dried red pepper than in the sun dried ones regardless varieties. 9.In the twelve kinds of fatty acids which were isolated and confirmed, the highest content of fatty acid was linoleic acid and next was oleic acid or palmitic acid. There was no difference between drying methods. Especially, there was no difference in unsaturated fatty acids content according to drying methods. 10.Using HPLC, 5'-nucleotides such as CMP, AMP and IMP of red peppers were isolated and identified. Total amount of 5'-nucleotides were 4 times lager in Jeongseon-Jaerae than in the Hot -Portugal. The CMP content was highest in the pericarp of the Jeongseon-Jaerae, mean while IMP was highest in the pericarp of Hot-Portugal. 5'-Nucleotides content of hot air dried red peppers were smaller in both varieties. 11.Regardless of varieties or drying methods, capsaicinoids content and 5'-nucleotides content were in direct proportion but vitamin C content comparing to capsaicinoids or 5 -nucleotides was in inverse proportion. Free sugars and vitamin C content were higher in Hot-Portugal. Organic acids, capsaicinoids. 5'-nucleotides and total flavoring amino acids content were higher in the Jeongseon-Jaerae. The red pepper of sun dried Jeongseon-Jaelae contained a relatively small amount of free sugar, but capsaicinoids content was large, so it has strong hot taste and the palatability is also excellent. The color intensity was also proper, and will show high acceptability as a food stuff.