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Holtzman card에 있어서 反應誘發時間의 刺戟變因에 關한 硏究
洪聖均,宋南玉 고려대학교 의과대학 1975 고려대 의대 잡지 Vol.12 No.3
With the materials of measurement of reaction time in Holtzman inkblot cards it was attempted to assess the reaction pattern and variances which determine the reaction time of normal Korean adolescents. The results of this study were as follows: 1. In the analysis of variances of reaction time it was found that the difference between cards and between subjects were statistically significant at 0.01 level. 2. The difference of variances of reaction time between sex was significant at 0.01 level but the interaction variance was not significant. 3. The hypotheses that the simple and the complex variables of the silhouette, the internal form, the insular and the symmetry of the form of the cards would effect the dependent variables to the reaction time were not proved but the gypothesis that the chromatic and the achromatic variables of the cards would not effect the dependent variables was proved. 4. According to the similarity of reaction times, the cards could be classified into five groups (verified with CR test) in each sex. 5. In the trend analysis of variances of reaction time the linear regression was significant at 0.01 level. 6. According to the linear functions of the cards and the reaction time it was found that in the mae subjects Rp was 2.5 and LT was 15.3 and in the female subjects Rp was 2.3 and LT was 10.4. As a summary it can be said that the variation of the Holtzman card situations as a whole would effect the interaction variance to the reaction time.
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장외파생금융거래에 사용되는 ‘ISDA 기본계약서’상의 선행조건 조항 - 계약해석 및 도산법상의 쟁점을 중심으로 -
홍성균 한국상사법학회 2015 商事法硏究 Vol.33 No.4
Section 2(a)(iii) of the ‘ISDA (International Swaps and Derivatives Association) Master Agreement’, which is a standard contract form used in most international financial derivatives contracts, provides that each payment obligation of each party is “subject to the condition precedent that no Event of Default or Potential Event of Default with respect to the other party has occurred and is continuing.” This so-called ‘flawed-asset clause’ (“Condition Precedent”) has been one of the most controversial issues on derivatives contracts that came up after the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers. The function of Condition Precedent can be analyzed in two ways. Firstly, it reduces the credit risk of non-defaulting party. This is similar to the right of the obligor in executory contracts provided in the section 536(2) of Civil Code of Korea, which exempts the obligor if the counter party cannot reasonably be expected to perform its own obligation. Secondly, by permitting the non-defaulting party not to perform, Condition Precedent allows her to determine when to exercise the right to Early Termination of the master agreement, and gives her breathing space. Accordingly, this provision does not preclude the Early Termination or the settlement of defaulted contracts; rather, this provides the preparatory phase of Early Termination. In the face of the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers and the Great Recession, however, non-defaulting parties who were out of money refused to either perform their payment obligation in pursuance of the Condition Precedent or give the notice of Early Termination, which resulted to the prolonged unsettlement of those defaulted transactions. This seemed to be too harsh for the defaulting party, and several interpretations limiting the way Condition Precedent operates were brought up, bringing conflicting court decisions in England. These issues include: whether payment netting, provided in section 2(c) of the Agreement, could apply when the Condition Precedent is not satisfied; whether the Condition Precedent is of an ‘once-and-for-all’ character; and what happens to the payment obligation if the Condition Precedent is not satisfied until the maturity date. It seems that on most of those issues, under contract law of Korea, which takes a rather textualistic approach to contract interpretation, the Condition Precedent would be interpreted similar to the most recent English decision, in which the court stressed “commercial reasonableness.”Moreover, there have been several attempts to limit Condition Precedent where the Event of Default is a “bankruptcy,” in which case the Condition Precedent results in depriving the insolvent party of his right to payment, the asset which could have been available to other creditors pari passu. In this regard, applying Condition Precedent to the insolvent counter party provokes “anti-deprivation principle” in England and “prohibition of ipso facto clause” in the US Federal Bankruptcy Act. Although no provision in the Rehabilitation and Insolvency Act of Korea, which governs the insolvency procedure commenced in Korea, prohibit the ipso facto clause, the Condition Precedent would be invalid in two exceptional cases: where a non-defaulting party neither pays nor gives Early Termination notice for such a long time that this kind of opportunistic behavior is deemed as abandoning the right to safe-harbour clause in the Act; and where the relevant master agreements govern only the transactions such as prepaid swaps or plain vanilla options. As regards to the latter, since a non-defaulting party has no possibility of bearing credit risk in such transactions, the Condition Precedent does not function as intended; therefore, the interests of insolvent’s other creditors should prevail.
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홍성균,이성수,안규동,이병국 순천향대학교 산업의학연구소 2001 순천향산업의학 Vol.7 No.1
Ki is emerging and getting popular as a new alternative therapy in new millenium. The purpose of this study was to investigate the understanding and experience of the Ki therapy for college students. 320(Male=138, Female=182) students were participate in this study. Study subjects were answered with prepared 8 questions for their personal opinion and experience about Ki therapy. Study variables about personal information such as sex, blood type, religion, health status, personality, parent's religion, parent' occupation and parent educational level were also collected. The results of this study were as follows; 1 Among all study students (n=320), 89% of students answered positively in the existence of Ki, whereas only 11% answered negatively. 2. Among all study students (n=320), 13% (n=41) of students had a chance to have a Ki therapy and among 41 students 93% of them had experienced real Ki in any kind of form. 3. Among 41 Ki experienced students, 32% of students felt a feeling of floating and flying, 25% of students felt a feeling of pulling from the back and 21% of students felt a feeling of warming and comfortable, 10% of students felt refreshment and 5% of students felt a feeling of dizziness, whereas only 7% of students did not feel anything from Ki therapy. 4. While 53% of students among 41 Ki experienced students experienced their Ki in Ki training center, 31% and 6% of students experienced in college or university and other place, respectively. 5. Among all study students, 89% of students thought that Ki therapy was useful and wanted to have Ki therapy in case of medical attention, whereas only 11 % of students did not want Ki therapy. 6. Among study students with positive thinking about Ki therapy, 24% and 23% of students thought Ki therapy useful for (endocrine and skin diseases) and chronic adult diseases such as hypertension, cardiac disease, diabetes and obesity, respectively, whereas 21% and 18% of study students thought Ki therapy useful for neuropsychiatric disease and digestive diseases, respectively. 7. Regarding to the reason of attraction of Ki therapy compared with other treatment methods, 51% of students answered that Ki therapy gave comfortable and easiness to mind and 42% of students answered that it did not need any kind of injection or medicine.
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