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On Optimizing Route Discovery of Topology-based On-demand Routing Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks
Seet, Boon-Chong,Lee, Bu-Sung,Lau, Chiew-Tong The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation 2003 Journal of communications and networks Vol.5 No.3
One of the major issues in current on-demand routing protocols for ad hoc networks is the high resource consumed by route discovery traffic. In these protocols, flooding is typically used by the source to broadcast a route request (RREQ) packet in search of a route to the destination. Such network-wide flooding potentially disturbs many nodes unnecessarily by querying more nodes than is actually necessary, leading to rapid exhaustion of valuable network resources such as wireless bandwidth and battery power. In this paper, a simple optimization technique for efficient route discovery is proposed. The technique proposed herein is location-based and can be used in conjunction with the existing Location-Aided Routing (LAR) scheme to further reduce the route discovery overhead. A unique feature of our technique not found in LAR and most other protocols is the selective use of unicast instead of broadcast for route request/query transmission made possible by a novel reuse of routing and location information. We refer to this new optimization as the UNIQUE (UNIcast QUEry) technique. This paper studies the efficacy of UNIQUE by applying it to the route discovery of the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol. In addition, a comparative study is made with a DSR protocol optimized with only LAR. The results show that UNIQUE could further reduce the overall routing overhead by as much as 58% under highly mobile conditions. With less congestion caused by routing traffic, the data packet delivery performance also improves in terms of end-to-end delay and the number of data packets successfully delivered to their destinations.
Factors Influencing the Learning of Chinese Language
Wong Seet Leng 전남대학교 글로벌디아스포라연구소 2009 전남대학교 세계한상문화연구단 국제학술회의 Vol.2009 No.10
This research intended to find out factors that influencing the learning of Chinese language for a group of secondary students. 15 Form Two students with English as LI participated as respondents. 60 compositions written by these students were collected as data; and they interviewed individually by researcher to obtain more information. As errors in writing reflect to a certain degree the inadequacies of the learners in mastering a language, this study started with identifying errors made in the compositions and investigating the causes of errors. Through in-depth analysis, factors that influencing the learning of Chinese language could then be inferred and determined. After analysis, a total of 471 errors were identified and classified into 6 categories, namely orthographical errors, lexico-semantic errors, syntactic errors of addition, syntactic errors of omission, errors caused by the interference of English, and replacement by pinyin/English/lacuna. Orthographical errors comprised the highest nuber, 43.524% of the total errors committed. The factors causing each category of errors were investigated and explained, which include factors related to the aspect of Chinese language learning; factors related to the processes of applying learning and communication strategies; and factors which linked to the personal factors of the students. Among others, the interference of English is rather significant and resulted in semantic and syntactic errors.
Hock, Lim Kuang,Ghazali, Sumarni Mohd,Cheong, Kee Chee,Kuay, Lim Kuang,Li, Lim Hui,Ying, Chan Ying,Huey, Tay Chien,Yee, Lai Wai,Ying, Ong Shiau,Yen, Yeo Lay,Abdullah, Norhamimah,Wymen, Seet,Ibrahim, N Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.11
Background: Smoking among adolescents has been linked to a variety of adverse and long term health consequences. "Susceptibility to smoking" or the lack of cognitive commitment to abstain from smoking is an important predictor of adolescent smoking. In 2008, we conducted a study to determine the psycho-sociological factors associated with susceptibility to smoking among secondary school students in the district of Kota Tinggi, Johor. Materials and Methods: Two thousand seven hundred students were randomly selected by proportional stratified sampling. Analyses on 1,736 non-smoking students revealed that prevalence of adolescents susceptible to smoking was 16.3%. Results: Male gender (aOR=2.05, 95%CI= 1.23-3.39), poor academic achievement (aOR 1.60, 95%CI 1.05-2.44), ever-smoker (aOR 2.17, 95%CI 1.37-3.44) and having a smoking friend (aOR 1.76, 95%CI 1.10-2.83) were associated with susceptibility to smoking, while having the perception that smoking prohibition in school was strictly enforced (aOR 0.55, 95%CI 0.32-0.94), and had never seen friends smoking in a school compound (aOR 0.59, 95%CI 0.37-0.96) were considered protective factors Conclusions: These results indicate that follow-up programmes need to capitalise on the modifiable factors related to susceptibility to smoking by getting all stakeholders to be actively involved to stamp out smoking initiation among adolescents.