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RISS 인기검색어
- 검색키워드
- 저자 : Schultze, Bruno (검색결과 98 건)
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The role of silver ore reduction in Tiwanaku state expansion into Puno Bay, Peru
Schultze, Carol A University of California, Los Angeles 2008 해외박사(DDOD)
소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.
Comparative studies of archaic state formation have identified several commonalities in the archaic state expansion process. These include the formalization of military power, increased division of labor, economic intensification, elaboration of the prestige economy, the creation of complex ritual and religious systems, population nucleation, and intensive monumental constructions. Expanding archaic states tend to move first to control roads and strategic locations. The result is a discontinuous patchwork pattern of territorial control where critical resources are controlled within an otherwise unconquered landscape. The research reported here focuses on the first state in the south central Andes---Tiwanaku (circa AD 550--1100). The cross-cultural patterns found for archaic states are also seen during the Tiwanaku period across the southern Andes. The study area is known as the Puno Bay, a large and rich region in the northwest side of Lake Titicaca. The Puno Bay enclave is one of the most prominent Tiwanaku settlements of the northern basin. The semi-isolation of this settlement cluster thus identifies it as a strategically important location for the Tiwanaku state. The current study uses archaeological methods interpreted through a political economy theoretical framework. Field methods included full-regional coverage survey and small-scale excavations at several sites. Collected artifacts were analyzed to address questions of material acquisition, technology, chronology, and cultural affiliation. Materials and sites were further evaluated using radiocarbon (C-14), thermoluminescence (TL), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and geographic information systems (GIS) techniques. The results highlight the prestige economy of this archaic state. The data indicate that the extraction of silver (and other minerals) was a leading factor in Tiwanaku settlement of Puno. Excavations at the site of Huajje revealed evidence of silver-lead refining, or ore reduction, in contexts predating the Tiwanaku state. The assemblage reported here represents physical evidence for the independent parallel evolution of silver-lead cupellation-related technologies in the indigenous Andes. Tiwanaku sites were not widely distributed across the study area, in contrast to all other periods. Instead the Tiwanaku presence was found primarily along the bay, at critical resource zones, and in areas of earlier complex settlements. The results demonstrate that multiple objectives were achieved through the acquisition of Puno, with the presence of precious metal and labor skilled in its extraction serving as strong incentives for colonization by the state.
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Our house was divided: Kentucky women and the Civil War
Willett, Adrian Schultze Buser Indiana University 2008 해외박사(DDOD)
소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.
Living on the border between the North and the South shaped the Civil War experience for Kentucky women and had long lasting implications for the future of the state. By 1861, Kentucky women had incorporated many aspects of daily life from both regions of the country into their worldview. As a result, Kentucky women had a distinctive perspective on the war, slavery, patriotism, and their role as women in the conflict. The Civil War exposed the fault lines in Kentucky society, complicating relationships and dividing families. The home front experience for Kentucky women was marked by the challenges of social and political divisions, causing many to carefully consider their public and private roles as political actors. Most Kentuckians were reluctant to go to war, revealing their belief that a compromise could be reached. Kentucky women's identity was shaped by the racial order of slavery yet many felt a deep connection to the nation and the Union cause. Many Kentuckians believed that they could bridge the sectional divide, preserving both slavery and the Union. Kentucky's prolonged desire to reach a unique solution to the war by preserving the Union and slavery placed the state in a precarious position. Kentuckians were left ill prepared for the new post-slavery economy and were viewed as outsiders to the victorious Union cause. As the war progressed and the Union began to emerge as the victor, it became increasingly apparent that slavery would not survive the war. Kentuckians, who had remained part of the Union, viewed the Emancipation Proclamation and the enlistment of African Americans in the United States Army as a direct affront to their wartime sacrifices. Many Kentucky women refused to accept the demise of the slave system and became embittered by the perceived injustices of the Union strategy. By the end of the war many Kentucky women, angered by the Union's attitude toward slavery and their state, began sympathizing with the plight of the South and embraced the notion of the Lost Cause.
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Cultures out of sync: Bilingual education on the Crow Indian Reservation
Crawley, Cheryl Kay Schultze University of California, Berkeley 2008 해외박사(DDOD)
소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.
This case study of a twenty year experiment in bilingual education conducted on the Crow Indian Reservation in south central Montana from 1970 to 1990 seeks to define the multiple perspectives and describe the broad matrix of factors that lead to educational success or failure for reservation-based Native American students. It is also an ethnography of the politics of language, culture, and social inequality that unfolded during the eight years of the author's participant observation on the Crow Indian Reservation from 1978 to 1986. The perspective is that of a practicing anthropologist and school district administrator examining language-focused politics in the classroom, among parents and families, in the staff room, the superintendent's cabinet, the board room and beyond. Methodology included survey research with parents, elder interviews on education, and classroom discourse analysis. Utilizing over thirty years of language shift data and deep contextualization born of long-term research, the study was able to chart the changing indices that marked racial separation and the decline of the Crow language. Findings suggest that a complex set of factors, based largely in the power relations of interracial practices, from local to national, had combined to undermine the academic promise of bilingual education for Crow speaking youngsters. Instead of bilingual instruction stabilizing the Crow language while improving English language proficiency, the Crow language was lost at an accelerated rate. This was due in part to the guided change the educational institution underwent to better bridge the cultural gulf to its students. As the school changed, the indices of language-based racial barriers declined. The Crow people's proud and pragmatic leadership, their historic and metaphysical relationship with their land, combined with their linguistic and ritual continuity, set them apart and out of sync with the practices of Euro-American education where success or failure are measured in vastly different ways.
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Schultz, Jessica Marie The University of Iowa 2011 해외박사(DDOD)
소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.
Significant interpersonal offenses have considerable consequences for the victim, and these sequelae can be both negative and positive. Spiritual transformation and forgiveness are two processes that may follow a significant interpersonal offense. Spiritual transformation, which includes both spiritual gain and spiritual decline, is an important experience for many individuals following a highly stressful event. Likewise, forgiveness is one way that individuals may cope with the negative effects of being the victim of an interpersonal offense. Both spiritual transformation and forgiveness are related to physical and mental health. Given the prevalence of interpersonal offenses, the mental health link, and the personal importance of religion and spirituality to many individuals, it is imperative to understand these processes. However, the extant literature offers very little about the relationship between spiritual transformation and forgiveness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of forgiveness in experiencing spiritual transformation following significant interpersonal offenses. Participants were 146 individuals that had been "significantly wronged" by another person. Participants provided information on demographic variables, religious and spiritual importance, event-related distress, forgiveness, and spiritual transformation. Descriptive data are presented as well as correlates of spiritual transformation. Results showed that spiritual growth was positively related to religious and spiritual importance but not forgiveness variables. Event-related distress and avoidance, one component of unforgiveness, were positively related to spiritual decline. Regression analyses revealed that forgiveness did not uniquely account for a significant amount of the variance in spiritual growth after controlling for demographic variables, religious and spiritual importance, and event-related distress. Rather, religious and spiritual importance accounted for a significant amount of variance in spiritual growth. Forgiveness uniquely predicted spiritual decline after accounting for demographic variables, religious and spiritual importance, and event-related distress. This study suggests a complex relationship between spiritual transformation and forgiveness. Results are discussed within the context of implications for clinicians and researchers alike.
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Cognitive Mimesis in Music and the Extended Mind Theory
Schultz, Duncan The University of Wisconsin - Madison 2016 해외박사(DDOD)
소속기관이 구독 중이 아닌 경우 오후 4시부터 익일 오전 9시까지 원문보기가 가능합니다.
Andy Clark and David Chalmers redefined the boundary of the mind in "The Extended Mind" (1998). Clark and Chalmers's central argument is that if something in the world functions as a cognitive process while an individual performs some task, that part of the world is part of that individual's cognitive processes during that time. For example, someone with Alzheimer's might use a notebook to remember details, and that notebook should be considered a part of his extended cognitive system as long as it meets certain criteria. This dissertation takes this idea and applies it to music to create a personal phenomenology. After a background of the extended mind theory in Chapter 1, Chapters 2 through 4 explore how specific pieces mimic cognitive processes and become part of an extended cognitive system. Following a more traditional analysis, Chapter 2 explores how Gyorgy Ligeti's micropolyphonic composition Lux aeterna (1968) uses "gap" pitches to maintain an unchanging aural facade. In maintaining this facade, the typically active interplay between past, present and future becomes counteracted and the listener starts to hear Lux aeterna actively retaining the past in the present through the music, rather than through cognition. The result is a listening experience that allows the composition to function as the listener's processes of retention and attention. Chapter 3 also begins with a more traditional analysis before discussing how Steve Reich's Piano Phase (1967) enacts a similar sense of retention alongside the added process of comparison. By mimicking the process of comparison, Piano Phase evokes a goal-oriented listening experience where the listener makes quality decisions on different heard configurations to create a future work. I argue that Reich executed exactly this, using his early phasing works as external thought experiments within the global compositional process of Music for Eighteen Musicians. Chapter 4 adapts the extended mind theory to grant cognition to characters in Claude Debussy's Pelleas et Melisande (1895) and Sergei Prokofiev's The Fiery Angel (1927). With both works focused on a principle heroine with clouded intentions, the music mimics mental functions to create defined, music-bound cognitive states for the characters on stage.
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