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Alexei Gloukhovtsev,John W. Schouten,Pekka Mattila 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2016 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2016 No.7
In today’s global marketplace, few consumers would bat an eye at a Central European retailer selling products manufactured in the US from raw materials purchased in Asia and Africa. Recently, Finnish connoisseurs of local craft beer were shocked to discover that even their local microbreweries were getting in on the act, albeit somewhat involuntarily. Strict regulations that govern the sale of alcoholic beverages in Finland essentially prevent the smallest breweries from distributing their products in the local market. Ironically, the only way for these small businesses to reach their local customers is through internationalization – setting up an online store across the border and serving the Finnish market from abroad. Drawing on the context of alcohol policy in Finland as an illustrative example, this study demonstrates how global markets can offer small businesses a way to counter unfavorable or discriminative local public policy. The study also illustrates the potential impact that businesses can have on policy by drawing public attention to its shortcomings, and offers implications for practitioners by highlighting the importance of thorough evaluation of policies for possible inconsistencies and outlining possible indicators that such inconsistencies may be present.
THE COUNTRY OF ORIGIN EFFECT – KEY ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTION
Mikael Andéhn,Alexei Gloukhovtsev,John Schouten 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2016 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2016 No.7
The country of origin effect (COE) has been a central topic in scholarly international marketing literature for over half a century, but the concept seems to have stubbornly resisted all attempts at providing an encompassing account of how it comes to affect consumers in practice. Through an approach which treats COE as a perceptual phenomenon that is contingent on various psychological mechanisms this conceptual work revisits some three central theoretical issues of COE research and attempt to ferret out tentative means of addressing some of these long lived problems that have been identified in the literature to date.
Lo, Li,Belt, Simon T.,Lattaud, Julie,Friedrich, Tobias,Zeeden, Christian,Schouten, Stefan,Smik, Lukas,Timmermann, Axel,Cabedo-Sanz, Patricia,Huang, Jyh-Jaan,Zhou, Liping,Ou, Tsong-Hua,Chang, Yuan-Pin Elsevier 2018 Earth and planetary science letters Vol.488 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Recent reduction in high-latitude sea ice extent demonstrates that sea ice is highly sensitive to external and internal radiative forcings. In order to better understand sea ice system responses to external orbital forcing and internal oscillations on orbital timescales, here we reconstruct changes in sea ice extent and summer sea surface temperature (SSST) over the past 130,000 yrs in the central Okhotsk Sea. We applied novel organic geochemical proxies of sea ice (IP<SUB>25</SUB>), SSST ( TEX L 86 ) and open water marine productivity (a tri-unsaturated highly branched isoprenoid and biogenic opal) to marine sediment core MD01-2414 (53°11.77′N, 149°34.80′E, water depth 1123 m). To complement the proxy data, we also carried out transient Earth system model simulations and sensitivity tests to identify contributions of different climatic forcing factors. Our results show that the central Okhotsk Sea was ice-free during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e and the early-mid Holocene, but experienced variable sea ice cover during MIS 2–4, consistent with intervals of relatively high and low SSST, respectively. Our data also show that the sea ice extent was governed by precession-dominated insolation changes during intervals of atmospheric CO<SUB>2</SUB> concentrations ranging from 190 to 260 ppm. However, the proxy record and the model simulation data show that the central Okhotsk Sea was near ice-free regardless of insolation forcing throughout the penultimate interglacial, and during the Holocene, when atmospheric CO<SUB>2</SUB> was above ∼260 ppm. Past sea ice conditions in the central Okhotsk Sea were therefore strongly modulated by both orbital-driven insolation and CO<SUB>2</SUB>-induced radiative forcing during the past glacial/interglacial cycle.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The first orbital timescale proxy-model sea ice-sea surface temperature records from the northwestern subarctic Pacific Ocean. </LI> <LI> Strong precession forcing controlled and sea ice variations are modulated by greenhouse gas radiative forcing. </LI> <LI> Sea ice remained free in the central Okhotsk Sea during MIS 5e due to high greenhouse gas radiative forcing. </LI> </UL> </P>
Hydrogen peroxide detoxification is a key mechanism for growth of ammonia-oxidizing archaea
Kim, Jong-Geol,Park, Soo-Je,Sinninghe Damsté,, Jaap S.,Schouten, Stefan,Rijpstra, W. Irene C.,Jung, Man-Young,Kim, So-Jeong,Gwak, Joo-Han,Hong, Heeji,Si, Ok-Ja,Lee, SangHoon,Madsen, Eugene L.,Rh National Academy of Sciences 2016 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.113 No.28
<P>Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), that is, members of the Thaumarchaeota phylum, occur ubiquitously in the environment and are of major significance for global nitrogen cycling. However, controls on cell growth and organic carbon assimilation by AOA are poorly understood. We isolated an ammonia-oxidizing archaeon (designated strain DDS1) from seawater and used this organism to study the physiology of ammonia oxidation. These findings were confirmed using four additional Thaumarchaeota strains from both marine and terrestrial habitats. Ammonia oxidation by strain DDS1 was enhanced in coculture with other bacteria, as well as in artificial seawater media supplemented with alpha-keto acids (e.g., pyruvate, oxaloacetate). alpha-Keto acid-enhanced activity of AOA has previously been interpreted as evidence of mixotrophy. However, assays for heterotrophic growth indicated that incorporation of pyruvate into archaeal membrane lipids was negligible. Lipid carbon atoms were, instead, derived from dissolved inorganic carbon, indicating strict autotrophic growth. alpha-Keto acids spontaneously detoxify H2O2 via a nonenzymatic decarboxylation reaction, suggesting a role of alpha-keto acids as H2O2 scavengers. Indeed, agents that also scavenge H2O2, such as dimethylthiourea and catalase, replaced the alpha-keto acid requirement, enhancing growth of strain DDS1. In fact, in the absence of alpha-keto acids, strain DDS1 and other AOA isolates were shown to endogenously produce H2O2 (up to similar to 4.5 mu M), which was inhibitory to growth. Genomic analyses indicated catalase genes are largely absent in the AOA. Our results indicate that AOA broadly feature strict autotrophic nutrition and implicate H2O2 as an important factor determining the activity, evolution, and community ecology of AOA ecotypes.</P>
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS OF A ZERO INERTIA CVT FOR PASSENGER CARS
Van Druten, R.M.,Van Tilborg, P.G.,Rosielle, P.C.J.N.,Schouten, M.J.W. The Korean Society of Automotive Engineers 2000 International journal of automotive technology Vol.1 No.1
This paper concentrates on the design and construction aspects of a transmission for a mid-class passenger car with internal combustion engine. The transmission, consisting of a Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) with a Van Doorne V-belt, a planetary gear set and a compact steel flywheel is used to prove the concept of mechanical torque assist. The design goal is to obtain a proof of concept transmission with maximal efficiency, using proven transmission technology. With the developed so called Zero Inertia CVT, the fuel economy of the car is improved by operating the engine at its fuel optimal operating line. To achieve a good vehicle acceleration response, the flywheel assists the powertrain mechanically.
Persistent near-tropical warmth on the Antarctic continent during the early Eocene epoch
Pross, J철rg,Contreras, Lineth,Bijl, Peter K.,Greenwood, David R.,Bohaty, Steven M.,Schouten, Stefan,Bendle, James A.,R철hl, Ursula,Tauxe, Lisa,Raine, J. Ian,Huck, Claire E.,van de Flierdt, Tina,Jamieso Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2012 Nature Vol.488 No.7409
The warmest global climates of the past 65 million years occurred during the early Eocene epoch (about 55 to 48 million years ago), when the Equator-to-pole temperature gradients were much smaller than today and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels were in excess of one thousand parts per million by volume. Recently the early Eocene has received considerable interest because it may provide insight into the response of Earth??s climate and biosphere to the high atmospheric carbon dioxide levels that are expected in the near future as a consequence of unabated anthropogenic carbon emissions. Climatic conditions of the early Eocene ??greenhouse world??, however, are poorly constrained in critical regions, particularly Antarctica. Here we present a well-dated record of early Eocene climate on Antarctica from an ocean sediment core recovered off the Wilkes Land coast of East Antarctica. The information from biotic climate proxies (pollen and spores) and independent organic geochemical climate proxies (indices based on branched tetraether lipids) yields quantitative, seasonal temperature reconstructions for the early Eocene greenhouse world on Antarctica. We show that the climate in lowland settings along the Wilkes Land coast (at a palaeolatitude of about 70째 south) supported the growth of highly diverse, near-tropical forests characterized by mesothermal to megathermal floral elements including palms and Bombacoideae. Notably, winters were extremely mild (warmer than 10??째C) and essentially frost-free despite polar darkness, which provides a critical new constraint for the validation of climate models and for understanding the response of high-latitude terrestrial ecosystems to increased carbon dioxide forcing.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS OF A ZERO INERTIA CVT FOR PASSENGER CARS
R. M. VAN DRUTEN,P. G. VAN TILBORG,P. C. J. N. ROSIELLE,M. J. W. SCHOUTEN 한국자동차공학회 2000 International journal of automotive technology Vol.1 No.1
This paper concentrates on the design and construction aspects of a transmission for a mid-class passenger car with internal combustion engine. The transmission, consisting of a Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) with a Van Doorne V-belt. a planetary gear set and a compact steel flywheel is used to prove the concept of mechanical torque assist. The design goal is to obtain a proof of concept transmission with maximal efficiency. using proven transmission technology. With the developed so called Zero Inertia CVT. the fuel economy of the car is improved by operating the engine at its fuel optimal operating line. To achieve a good vehicle acceleration response, the flywheel assists the powertrain mechanically.<br/>