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The effect of microfinance on women’s empowerment : Evidence from Malaysia
Sayed Samer Ali AL-SHAMI,Muhammad M. RAZALI,Izaidin MAJID,Ahmed ROZELAN,Nurulizwa RASHID 이화여자대학교 아시아여성학센터 2016 Asian Journal of Women's Studies(AJWS) Vol.22 No.3
Microfinance is widely known as a financial development tool for those deprived of access to financial services, especially women. However, the literature provides conflicting evidence and shows that women’s empowerment may not, or may only be partially achieved through microcredit, especially in Muslim societies. This study seeks to scrutinize the effect of Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM), a microcredit institution, on Malay Muslim women in an urban area. A quasi-experimental method was used to conduct a cross sectional survey of 500 old and new clients. Informal semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 current clients who had received microcredit two years earlier. The findings show that AIM microcredit empowered the women and enhanced gender equality. It enabled women to access financial capital, form their micro- and smallbusinesses and obtain an income which helped them to contribute to household expenditure. Even though the effect of microcredit was partial, it provided them bargaining power for decision-making and controlling of resources and enhanced their self-esteem in their households and communities. Pembiayaan mikro secara meluasnya dikenali sebagai kaedah membangunkan mereka yang tidak diberi peluang akses perkhidmatan kewangan lain, khasnya di kalangan golongan wanita. Walau bagaimanapun, literatur kajian lampau telah mengemukakan bukti yang bercanggah di mana pembiayaan mikro kepada golongan wanita terutamanya mereka dalam masyarakat Islam mungkin tidak langsung atau mungkin sebahagiannya sahaja memberi kesan terhadap kejayaan mereka. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti kesan Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM) iaitu sebuah institusi pembiayaan mikro, di kalangan wanita Melayu Islam di kawasan bandar. Satu kaedah kuasieksperimen telah digunakan untuk menjalankan kajian terhadap 500 pelanggan lama dan baru pembiayaan mikro. Temubual informal separa berstruktur telah dijalankan bersama 20 pelanggan yang sedang menerima pembiayaan mikro dalam tempoh dua tahun sebelumnya. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa pembiayaan mikro AIM menjadikan wanita bertambah berjaya dan dapat menyumbang terhadap kesamarataan antara gender. Ia membolehkan mereka memperolehi modal, membentuk perniagaan mikro atau kecil dan seterusnya memperolehi pendapatan yang dapat membantu mereka untuk menyumbang kepada perbelanjaan isi rumah. Walaupun kesan pembiayaan mikro ini menyumbang kepada sebahagian sahaja peningkatan ini, namun ia dapat menyediakan mereka kuasa tawar-menawar untuk membuat keputusan, kawalan ke atas sumber dan meningkatkan keyakinan diri golongan ini.