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Financial constraints and lender selection: An empirical analysis
Sumitra Naha,Rabindra Sarani 한양대학교 경제연구소 2020 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH Vol.25 No.2
Imperfections in the financial markets due to the presence of agency problems and significant informational asymmetries between borrowers and lenders gives rise to financial constraints which restrict the amount or quality of investment options by firms. The present study has a combined objective. It investigates the presence of financial constraints at firm level via investment cash-flow relation in the context of a developing country like India. Then it tries to determine the preferred choice of firms among the alternative sources of debt financing to alleviate the constraints. The major empirical findings suggest that firms from the Indian manufacturing sector face the problem of financial constraints. As firms seek external borrowing, intermediaries play a relatively more important role in the provision of debt finance to the highly constrained Indian firms than do capital market sources or direct borrowing. Among the intermediaries, bulk of the total borrowings is from the commercial banks.
Rural Women's Awareness about Breast Cancer in Southeastern Iran: a Cross-Sectional Study
Balouchi, Abbas,Shahdadi, Hosien,AlKhasawneh, Esra,Abdollahimohammad, Abdolghani,Firouzkouhi, Mohammadreza,Sarani, Hamed,Gorgij, Afsaneh Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.4
Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. A very important factor in the timely treatment and prevention of progression is high breast cancer awareness. Rural women are at risk of latte stage breast cancer due to poor education and lack of access to medical facilities. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional-descriptive study was conducted on 266 women (out of 300) aged over 18 in rural areas of Zabol, Southeastern Iran during July 2015 to October 2015. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that measured participant knowledge of breast cancer in four aspects (general awareness, risk factors, mammography, and symptoms). SPSS 22 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Out of 266 participants, age information was available for 261. The age range was between 19 and 62, with a mean of $27{\pm}2.1years$. Most participants (154, 57.9%) had an average overall awareness of breast cancer. In the general awareness dimension, most participants (130, 48.9%) had poor scores. Most (166, 62.4%) also had average awareness about risk factors and many (137, 51.5%) had good awareness about mammography. Most participants did not know that changes in breast shape (232, 88.2%), dimpling of breast skin (192, 72.3%) and nipple discharge (183, 69.6%) are the main symptoms of breast cancer. ANOVA statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between awareness level and participant education and occupation (P<0.05). Conclusions: This study indicated average awareness of participants about breast cancer. Since rural women have lower levels of education, it is recommended that educational courses with contents about breast cancer, its risk factors, and symptoms be held for these women.
Aina Shasha Hashimi,Riski Titian Ginting,Siew Xian Chin,Kam Sheng Lau,Muhammad Amirul Nazhif Mohd Nohan,Sarani Zakaria,Chi Chin Yap,Chin Hua Chia 한국물리학회 2020 Current Applied Physics Vol.20 No.1
We report the microwave synthesis of copper nanowires (CuNWs) by using alkylamine-mediated approach. The aspect ratio of CuNWs of this study was two–fold compared to the previous microwave-assisted synthesis study. In addition, we showed that microwave synthesis could produce high aspect ratio CuNWs in a much shorter time compared to conventional method. Purification process of CuNWs was done via a simple and fast centrifugation method using water-hydrophobic organic solvent system. We also show the importance of purification process on the performance of the fabricated transparent conductive electrode (TCE) films. Purified CuNWs TCE showed a low sheet resistance of 35 Ω/sq with high transparency of 81% (at λ550 nm). Furthermore, we demonstrated how the retreatment of acetic acid was able to assist CuNWs to regain its high conductivity even after five cycles of repetitive continuous oxidation process.