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An Overview of Terrorism Financing Methods and Perspectives on Terrorism
John, Sanches-Zario(존 산체스 자리오) 한국법이론실무학회 2016 법률실무연구 Vol.4 No.1
9.11테러사건은 크게 두 가지로 특징지울 수 있는데,하나는 사람과 물자의 자유로운 이동이라는 오늘날의 지구촌사회의 특징이 가장 잘 반영된 사건이다. 다른 하나는 테러의 배후에 광범위한 자금세탁 네트워크가 있었다는 사실이다. 9.11.테러와 관련한 미국 수사관들의 조사에 의하면, 알카에다(Al-Qaeda)는 이미 거대 기업수준의 사업 및 마약판매 등과 같은 불법적 행위로 상당한 규모의 자금을 조성하였다는 사실과, 9.11.사태도 오랜 시간에 걸쳐 계획되었으며, 테러리스트들의 훈련과 교육에 상당한 자금이 소요되었다는 사실이 드러났다. “테러조직의 기업화”로 특징지워지는 현대의 테러리즘의 양상에 비추어볼 때, 테러조직의 전 세계적인 재정적 기반 내지 자금조달 네트워크를 없애지 않고서는 테러로부터 안전한 사회의 구축이 어렵게 되었다. 이러한 배경에서 9.11.사태를 기점으로 국제사회는 테러의 척결 및 테러자금 경로의 차단을 목표로 다양한 국제법적․국내법적 대책을 구체화하는 추세에 있다. 특히 테러조직의 핵심적 활동기반으로 간주되고 있는 테러자금의 조달을 억제하기 위하여 국제연합 차원에서는 130개 국가들이 1999년 12월 9일에 “테러자금 조달의 억제를 위한 국제협약”(International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism)에 서명한 바 있다. 2004년 10월 현재 이 협약의 당사국은 총 128개국이다. 또한 미국, 영국, 독일 등과 같은 주요 선진국은 이미 이 협약의 국내 이행입법을 제정하여 실무에서 적용하고 있다. How do terrorists move money? Although hawala, as a method of informal value transfer, was the initial point of interest after 9/11, a wide range of methods and networks operate in similar ways and perform analogous services or functions. That is, funds and value transfers from place to place on behalf of legal actors, terrorists or other criminal groups take place informally or without leaving many obvious traces (or at all) I call these processes Informal Value Transfer Systems (IVTS). This article examines six of the most widely used methods: cash couriers, informal transfer systems (e.g., hawala), money service businesses, formal banking, false trade invoicing, and high value commodities. When terrorists move money, they choose methods that take into account issues of: volume, risk, convenience, simplicity, costs, and speed. The first point to underline is that hundreds of billions of dollars are annually channeled through these IVTS. If we include the correspondent account method (which is not informal as it is conducted through recognized international banking systems, however, there is no knowledge of the customers recorded in the U.S. and the purpose of the transfer or the ultimate recipient are unknown to U.S. and respondent banks), the total volume rises to trillions of dollars. This article analyzes the methods according to these issues. It draws on multiple cases and examples, including the most recent cases of Hezbollah’s and al Shabaab’s use of money service businesses, and many others.
Nathan J. Kolla,Jeffrey Meyer,Marcos Sanches,James Charbonneau 대한정신약물학회 2017 CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE Vol.15 No.4
Objective: Impulsivity is a core feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) that likely arises from combined genetic and environmental influences. The interaction of the low activity variant of the monoamine oxidase-A (MAOA-L) gene and early childhood adversity has been shown to predict aggression in clinical and non-clinical populations. Although impulsivity is a risk factor for aggression in BPD and ASPD, little research has investigated potential gene-environment (G×E) influences impacting its expression in these conditions. Moreover, G×E interactions may differ by diagnosis. Methods: Full factorial analysis of variance was employed to investigate the influence of monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) genotype, childhood abuse, and diagnosis on Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) scores in 61 individuals: 20 subjects with BPD, 18 subjects with ASPD, and 23 healthy controls. Results: A group×genotype×abuse interaction was present ( F (2,49)=4.4, p =0.018), such that the interaction of MAOA-L and childhood abuse predicted greater BIS-11 motor impulsiveness in BPD. Additionally, BPD subjects reported higher BIS-11 attentional impulsiveness versus ASPD participants ( t (1,36)=2.3, p =0.025). Conclusion: These preliminary results suggest that MAOA-L may modulate the impact of childhood abuse on impulsivity in BPD. Results additionally indicate that impulsiveness may be expressed differently in BPD and ASPD.
Avelar Alan Matias,de Camargo Fábio,da Silva Vanessa Sanches Pereira,Giovedi Claudia,Abe Alfredo,Mourão Marcelo Breda 한국원자력학회 2023 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.55 No.1
This study investigates the high temperature oxidation behaviour of a Nie20Cr-1.2Si (wt.%) alloy in steam from 1200 C to 1350 C by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The results demonstrate that exposed Ni-based alloy developed a thin oxide scale, consisted mainly of Cr2O3. The oxidation kinetics obtained from the experimental results was applied to evaluate the hydrogen generation considering a simplified reactor core model with different cladding alloys following an unmitigated Loss- Of-Coolant Accident (LOCA) scenario in a hypothetical Small Modular Reactor (SMR). Overall, experimental data and simulations results show that both Fe-based and Ni-based alloys may enhance cladding survivability, delaying its melting, as well as reducing hydrogen generation under accident conditions compared to Zr-based alloys. However, a substantial neutron absorption occurs when Ni-based alloys are used as cladding for current uranium-dioxide fuel systems, even when compared to Fe-based alloys.
Quality parameters of chicken breast meat affected by carcass scalding conditions
Rosana Aparecida da Silva-Buzanello,Alexia Francielli Schuch,Andre Wilhan Gasparin,Alex Sanches Torquato,Fernando Reinoldo Scremin,Cristiane Canan,Adriana Lourenco Soares 아세아·태평양축산학회 2019 Animal Bioscience Vol.32 No.8
Objective: The influence of broiler carcass scalding conditions on chicken breast meat quality parameters was investigated. Methods: Two hundred and seventy Cobb broiler chickens from 42 to 48 days old were slaughtered according to the standard industry practice and scalded in five temperature/time combinations—T1, 54°C/210 s; T2, 55°C/180 s; T3, 56°C/150 s; T4, 57°C/120 s; T5, 58°C/90 s. Results: Scalding temperature increase resulted in higher values of external and ventral lightness and in protein functionality reduction—determined by emulsification capacity and protein denaturation—in chicken breast fillets 24 h post-mortem. Protein secondary structures had conformational changes, with a decrease of the α-helix and an increase of the β-sheet and β-turn proportions, mainly in T1 and T5 samples, determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in an attenuated reflectance mode analysis. The chemical composition, pH, water holding capacity and Warner-Bratzler shear force did not differ among the treatments. In the fatty acid profile, the 18:1n-9 was lower in T5, which suggested that the high scalding-temperature could have caused the lipid oxidation. The values of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as 22:2, 20:4n-6, and 22:6n-3, were highest in the T5, thus being related to the phospholipid cellular membrane collapse in this experimental condition and subsequent release of these PUFA. Conclusion: Intermediate scalding-parameters avoided the negative changes in the chicken meat quality.
Juliana Carvalho Segato Marincolo,Ivan Aprahamian,Ligiana Pires Corona,Anita Liberalesso Neri,Mônica Sanches Yassuda,Flávia Silva Arbex Borim 대한골다공증학회 2021 Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia Vol.7 No.2
Objectives: To assess the prevalence of probable sarcopenia according to 3 different definitions (“strength, assistance with walking, rise from a chair, climb stairs, falls”- SARC-F score, low grip strength, and the guidelines indicated by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 - EWGSOP2) and assess the association of probable sarcopenia with functional disability and falls among community-dwelling older adults. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 419 older adults. Probable sarcopenia was assessed by 3 definitions: a SARC-F ≥ 4, low grip strength (< 27 kg for men and < 16 kg for women), and the EWGSOP2 criteria. Associations were investigated using Pearson's chi-square test and prevalence ratios were estimated by Poisson regression (P < 0.05). Results: Of the total, probable sarcopenia was identified in 23.0% of participants (SARC-F ≥ 4 score), 33.7% (low grip strength), and 10.4% (EWGSOP2) according to each different definition. In adjusted regression models, having at least 1 instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) disability and having fallen in the last 12 months were significantly associated with a SARC-F ≥ 4 (prevalence ratio, PR = 1.60; and PR = 2.50, respectively) and EWGSOP2 (PR = 1.78; and PR = 2.19, respectively). Conclusions: IADL disability and falls were associated with a SARC-F ≥ 4 and the EWGSOP2 criteria (SARC-F ≥ 4 and low grip strength). Probable sarcopenia may be used in clinical practice in order to facilitate the diagnosis of definite sarcopenia and to implement early interventions that could prevent functional decline and falls in older people.
( Colussi Francieli ),( Viviane Serpa ),( Priscila Da Silva Delabona ),( Livia Regina Manzine ),( Maria Luiza Voltatodio ),( Renata Alves ),( Bruno Luan Mello ),( Nei Pereira Jr. ),( Cristiane Sanches 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2011 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.21 No.8
Because of its elevated cellulolytic activity, the filamentous fungus Trichoderma harzianum has a considerable potential in biomass hydrolysis applications. Trichoderma harzianum cellobiohydrolase I (ThCBHI), an exoglucanase, is an important enzyme in the process of cellulose degradation. Here, we report an easy single-step ion-exchange chromatographic method for purification of ThCBHI and its initial biophysical and biochemical characterization. The ThCBHI produced by induction with microcrystalline cellulose under submerged fermentation was purified on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 media and its identity was confirmed by mass spectrometry. The ThCBHI biochemical characterization showed that the protein has a molecular mass of 66 kDa and pI of 5.23. As confirmed by smallangle X-ray scattering (SAXS), both full-length ThCBHI and its catalytic core domain (CCD) obtained by digestion with papain are monomeric in solution. Secondary structure analysis of ThCBHI by circular dichroism revealed α- helices and β-strands contents in the 28% and 38% range, respectively. The intrinsic fluorescence emission maximum of 337 nm was accounted for as different degrees of exposure of ThCBHI tryptophan residues to water. Moreover, ThCBHI displayed maximum activity at pH 5.0 and temperature of 50℃ with specific activities against Avicel and p-nitrophenyl-β-D-cellobioside of 1.25 U/mg and 1.53 U/mg, respectively.
Murilo Henrique Souza Leal,André Ricardo Zeist,Nilson Rodrigues Júnior,André Dutra Silva Júnior,José Henrique Verhalem Arantes,Jair Garcia Neto,Julia Roberta Sanches de Pieri,Amanda Carvalho Perrud 한국작물학회 2021 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.24 No.3
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is a root that allows healthy eating and combats malnutrition. There is a need for more productive sweet potato genotypes displaying good resistance and a favorable appearance and shape. New genotypes that are more productive, resistant to the main soil pests and with good physical characteristics would contribute to meet the needs of producers and the demands of consumers. The aim of this study was to develop and select sweet potato genotypes regarding agronomic and physical root parameters. The new genotypes were obtained through the cross-linking of 22 parents with commercial characteristics. Subsequently, 386 experimental genotypes were conducted in the feld in an experimental design consisting of augmented blocks with intercalated controls. Aspects related to agronomic, physical root characteristics and resistance to Euscepes postfasciatus were explored. Genotypes with higher performance than the controls were identifed for all assessed parameters. The genotypes UZBD-K-09, UZBD-K-56 and UZBD-K-78, with purple fesh roots, UZBD-F-15 and UZBD-F-34, with orange fesh, and UZBD-K-70, with a white fesh were selected.