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Europeanization and Post-Communist Democratization
Sa Rang Jung 한국유럽학회 2015 유럽연구 Vol.33 No.2
크로아티아의 유럽연합 가입 및 중동부 유럽 국가들과의 지속적인 가입 협상이 보여주듯이 EU는 연합의 확대를 위한 노력을 계속하고 있다. 그러나 이와 상반되게 "어느때보다 더 긴밀한 연합(ever closer union)"을 달성하기 위한 회원국들 간 연대의 심화정도는 약화되고 있다. 무엇보다 동유럽과 서유럽 사회 전반에 걸쳐 민족주의가 고조되는 한편, 친유럽 세력과 반유럽 진영 간 긴장이 증폭되고 있는 현상은 유럽통합의 그간의 성과와 향후 과제에 대한 검토를 요한다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 EU의 현황을 점검함에 있어 구 공산권 EU 회원국들 간의 상이한 민주화 수준에 주목함으로써 민주주의 확산을 위해 EU가 주도한 정책의 효과를 평가한다. 특히 발트 3국의 비교적 성공적인 민주주의 공고화에 기여한 요인이 무엇이었는지 질문하고, 이를 다른 탈공산주의 EU 회원국의 경우와 비교하여 살펴본다. 발트 3국의 사례 연구는 구 공산국가 및 EU가입 신청국의 민주주의 증진에 유용한 시사점을 제공할 수 있을 것이다. The EU has been continuing its efforts in widening as the latest accession of Croatia and ongoing negotiations with other Central and Eastern European countries indicate, yet the level of deepening the solidarity among the member states to achieve an "ever closer union" has been stagnant or weakened. In particular, the gradual rise of nationalism in both Eastern and Western Europe alongside an escalating tension between pro-Europeans and Euro-sceptics also call for the reexamination of the EU"s achievements and challenges ahead. In reviewing the present status of the EU, this research focuses on different levels of democratization among the post-communist EU member states in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the EU"s efforts in promoting democracy abroad. Specifically, the research questions what are the main factors that have contributed to a relatively successful consolidation of democracy in the Baltic States compared to the democratization of other post-communist EU member states or prospective members of the union. The case study of the Baltic States may offer significant implications for the democratic improvement of several post-communist countries or other EU membership applicants.
( Jung-eun Kim ),( Phuong Lan Tran ),( Jae-min Ko ),( Sa-rang Kim ),( Jae-han Kim ),( Jong-tae Park ) 한국미생물생명공학회(구 한국산업미생물학회) 2021 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.31 No.1
A newly cloned 4-α-glucanotransferase (αGT) from Deinococcus geothermalis and two typical bacterial αGTs from Thermus scotoductus and Escherichia coli (MalQ) were investigated. Among 4 types of catalysis, the cyclization activity of αGTs that produces cycloamylose (CA), a valuable carbohydrate making inclusion complexes, was intensively studied. The new αGT, DgαGT, showed close protein sequence to the αGT from T. scotoductus (TsαGT). MalQ was clearly separated from the other two αGTs in the phylogenetic and the conserved regions analyses. The reaction velocities of disproportionation, cyclization, coupling, and hydrolysis of three αGTs were determined. Intriguingly, MalQ exhibited more than 100-fold lower cyclization activity than the others. To lesser extent, the disproportionation activity of MalQ was relatively low. DgαGT and TsαGT showed similar kinetics results, but TsαGT had nearly 10-fold lower hydrolysis activity than DgαGT. Due to the very low cyclizing activity of MalQ, DgαGT and TsαGT were selected for further analyses. When amylose was treated with DgαGT or TsαGT, CA with a broad DP range was generated immediately. The DP distribution of CA had a bimodal shape (DP 7 and 27 as peaks) for the both enzymes, but larger DPs of CA quickly decreased in the DgαGT. Cyclomaltopentaose, a rare cyclic sugar, was produced at early reaction stage and accumulated as the reactions went on in the both enzymes, but the increase was more profound in the TsαGT. Taken together, we clearly demonstrated the catalytic differences between αGT groups from thermophilic and pathogenic bacteria that and showed that αGTs play different roles depending on their lifestyle.
Mass Spectrometric Comparison of Cycloamylose Production by 4-Alpha-glucanotransferases
Sa-Rang Kim,jong-Tae Park,Jung-Eun Kim,Jae-Han Kim 한국당과학회 2013 한국당과학회 학술대회 Vol.2013 No.1
A 4-α-glucanotransferase (DgαGT EC 2.4.1.25, 4αGTase) gene was cloned from Deinococcus geothermalis and expressed in Escherichia coli, then recombinant protein was purified using nickel affinity chromatography. 4αGTase possesses intermolecular and intramolecular glucan transfer activity. 4αGTase have been used to produce cycloamylose(CA) from amylose by intramolecular glucan transfer activity. CA production by DgαGT was compared with those by Thermus scotoductus 4αGTase (TSαGT) and Escherichia coli 4αGTase (MalQ). Optimal CA production conditions were 50℃ and pH 6.0. After the 4αGTase treatment on amylose, residual linear maltooligosaccharides were removed by β-amylase. CA was analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectroscopy. DgαGT produced CA with similar yield 53% to the other enzymes but needed less time to start CA production. Degree of polymerization (DP) of CA produced by DgαGT ranged broadly from DP 5 to DP 43. Further analyses need to be conducted for concluding prominent characteristics of DgαGT among bacterial αGTs.
Oh, Sa-Rang,Ahn, Eun-Mi,Jung, Ji-Wook 경희한의학연구센터 2011 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.11 No.3
$Achyranthus$ $bidentata$ Blume has traditionally been used to treat a variety of diseases including cough, fever, and asthma. However, the anti-amnesic effects of $A.$ $bidentata$ and its molecular mechanisms have yet to be clearly elucidated. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the effects of $A.$ $bidentata$ on scopolamine-induced memory impairments in mice. The regulatory effect of $A.$ $bidentata$ on memory impairment was investigated using passive avoidance, Y-maze and the Morris water maze tasks. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay was performed to investigate the cholinergic antagonistic effect of $A.$ $bidentata$ in hippocampus. The result of this study demonstrated that $A.$ $bidentata$ significantly restored memory impairments induced by scopolamine. Increase of Acetylcholinesterase activity caused by scopolamine was significantly attenuated by $A.$ $bidentata$. In addition, $A.$ $bidentata$ recovered the reduction of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein activation induced by scopolamine in the hippocampus. Taken together, the results provide experimental evidence that $A.$ $bidentata$ might be a useful agent against a deficit of learning and memory caused by Alzheimer's disease and aging.
< 전시-P-92 > 3D 프린터용 MFC 필라멘트의 제조
이중명 ( Jung Myoung Lee ),박지수 ( Ji-su Park ),안지효 ( Ji-hyo Ahn ),류지애 ( Ji-ae Ryu ),최사랑 ( Sa-rang Choi ),안은별 ( Eun-byeol Ahn ),서은지 한국목재공학회 2019 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2019 No.1
3D 프린팅은 고체, 액체 및 분말 형태의 소재를 분사 혹은 적층하여 3차원 입체물을 제조하는 방식을 사용함에 따라, 지난 수 년 동안 산업분야 뿐만 아니라 일반 대중에 대한 3D 프린팅의 접근성이 크게 증가하였다. PLA(polylactic acid)는 우수한 기계적 성질, 재생 가능성, 생분해성 그리고 상대적으로 저렴한 비용을 가지고 있는 대표적인 바이오폴리머(biopolymer)로 3D 프린터용 필라멘트의 원료로 사용되며 석유화학 유래의 고분자 재료를 대체할 수 있는 대안으로 떠오르고 있다. 반면, PLA와 같은 생분해성 고분자는 충격저항이 낮고 밀도가 높기 때문에 포장 및 건축 사업과 같은 응용 분야에서 제한적으로 이용되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 MFC와 리그닌 첨가에 따른 3D 프린터용 필라멘트 물성을 비교하기 위해 수행되었다. MFC와 리그닌 모두 분말 형태로 제조하여 PLA 대비 0.5, 1, 2., 5 wt%로 투입하였으며 사용된 PLA는 진공 건조하여 사용하였다. 혼합 시료는 사출기의 150℃-160℃사이로 제조하여 인장강도를 측정하였으며 MFC와 리그닌의 분산성을 알아보기 위해 시료의 표면 및 단면을 관찰하였다. 그 결과 사출 온도에 따른 인장강도의 차이를 관찰하였으며 150℃에서 필라멘트를 제조하였을 때 MFC와 리그닌의 모든 조건에서 PLA만으로 제조한 필라멘트보다 높은 인장강도를 나타내었다. 또한 리그닌을 첨가함에 따라 인장강도가 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으며 MFC 첨가량에 따른 강도 차이는 그게 나타나지 않았다.