(Un)dreaming the Celestial New World in The Blazing World and Gulliver’s Travels

( Siyeon Lee ) 한국18세기영문학회 2017 18세기영문학 Vol.14 No.2

This study investigates how the lunar/celestial new world was dreamed and undreamed (via radical mechanization) respectively in Margaret Cavendish’s The Blazing World (1666) and the Voyage to Laputa in Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels (1726), the two major English successors to Francis Godwin’s The Man in the Moone (1638). The Man in the Moone popularized the post-Galileian lunar fiction across much of Europe, which indeed began as a dream with Johannes Kepler’s Somnium (Dream, 1634), but Cyrano de Bergerac’s L’Autre monde (1657), written under Godwin’s direct influence, transformed the genre by foregrounding the core issues of seventeenth-century natural philosophy―matter and motion. In condemning Rene Descartes’ incorporeal substance, Cyrano dislodged fascination with the lunar new world from the earlier fictions. The Blazing World is a conscious response to Cyrano’s libertine fiction, in which Cavendish rejects not only Descartes but also mechanist materialists including Cyrano, Thomas Hobbes, and Robert Hooke, instead asserting “self-moving Matter.” While defining motion as intrinsic to matter (body), Cavendish renews and rewrites the cosmic fantasy by restoring “Immaterial Spirits” and “rational Souls” wherewith to create many a “World of Nothing, but pure wit.” On the other hand, Swift’s Voyage to Laputa, also influenced by Cyrano, registers (by satirizing) the triumph of Isaac Newton’s mechanistic views on matter and motion. The Voyage to Laputa, a post-Newtonian variation upon the seventeenth-century lunar fiction, completes undreaming that genre by literally changing into an automaton not just the flying vehicle to the moon but the heavenly body itself.

The “Mechanical Operation” of Air and Madness in Swift`s Early Satire on Natural Philosophy

( Siyeon Lee ) 한국18세기영문학회 2015 18세기영문학 Vol.12 No.2

This paper proposes a new reading of Jonathan Swift’s early satire on Modern “Madness” in A Tale of a Tub, The Battel of the Books, and A Discourse Concerning the Mechanical Operation of the Spirit in the specific intellectual contexts of the vacuum debates and associated pneumatic experiments over the crucial decades leading to the consolidation of the new, experimental philosophy. The great vacuum debates prompted by Evangelista Torricelli’s 1644 baroscope experiment and continued by Robert Boyle’s air pump experiments in the 1660s and the subsequent Boyle-Hobbes controversy were at the center of seventeenth-century natural philosophical inquiry into the nature of “matter” in relation to “spirit” and the cause of “motion.” These were issues of immense theological and cosmological importance for every keen intellectual in the “pre-disciplinary” milieu of the time, and Swift was a fascinated if disapproving reader of the new philosophy that evolved around what he referred to as the “long Dispute among the Philosophers about a Vacuum.” His early satire on the typically Modern “Madness” as “Mechanical Operation of the Spirit” or “Vapours” mocks both the mechanical and discursive expertise of pneumatic experiments and debates in palpable detail. His satire in the Tale, Battel, and Discourse operates by confronting the philosophers against one another, that is, the dualist Descartes against the anti-dualist Hobbes and the experimentalist Boyle against the anti-experimentalist Hobbes, in such a manner that they mutually subvert their contentions and dissensions, which he ridicules are but the same “Madness” caused by the rise of “Vapours” from “within,” just like the air mechanically pumped up and down within Boyle’s “pneumatic engine.”

Werewolves, Giants, and Gulliver: Marvelous Bodies in the Posthuman Predicament

( Siyeon Lee ) 한국18세기영문학회 2021 18세기영문학 Vol.18 No.2

This essay proposes to reappraise the monstrous creatures at the liminality of humanity in Gerald of Wales’s Topography of Ireland and Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels as marvelous bodies in the posthuman predicament, particularly at the intersection of the posthuman and the colonial. Apart from its latest theoretical sophistication and primary associations with the cyborgic human, posthuman thinking is not confined to the present century but stimulates new readings of older texts, committed to reconsidering the human itself and the human-nonhuman boundaries, challenging the unitary, normative subject of the Enlightenment, and understanding bodies of difference from non-normative perspective. This essay focuses on the different ways Gerald’s and Swift’s monstrous creatures appear to viewers, for the monstrous is associated both etymologically and cognitively with morphological transgression and constructed as such in certain frames of view. Despite the manifestly colonial agenda of the Topography as a whole, the story of the werewolves of Ossory grants them potent subjectivity in both text and illustration, and Gerald’s own intervention in the story suggests ambiguity, thus partially conceding to the ailing she-wolf demanding to die a human. In contrast, Gulliver is the first giant in the Travels whose voracious body and behavior, threatening carnage and cannibalism, embodies the very monstrous, and he further suffers a series of dysmorphic transformation. Oblivious to his own posthuman shapeshifting, Gulliver turns to all other bodies than his own the dehumanizing view of a micrographer like Robert Hook, denying their wholeness in difference. It is this Gulliverian eye that reduces Irish bodies to mere edibles, wearables, and biodegradables in A Modest Proposal. Gulliver is subjected to that very microscopic inspection by Brobdingnaggian philosophers and labelled Lusus Naturæ. It turns out that monstrosity is in the enhanced and Enlightened eye of the beholder, like the deformed eyes of the Laputans.

Progress of Misogyny: Representing Prostitutes and the Pox in the Early Eighteenth Century

( Siyeon Lee ) 한국18세기영문학회 2018 18세기영문학 Vol.15 No.2

This study investigates how early eighteenth-century representations of London prostitutes captured the concomitant progress of the expansion of street prostitution and feminization of venereal disease onto the diseased prostitute body. The number of urban prostitutes, especially streetwalkers, sharply increased as they emerged as a compelling presence in London’s nightscape in this period, giving birth to the prototype of “Covent Garden nymphs,” the common subject of William Hogarth’s A Harlot’s Progress (1732) and Jonathan Swift’s prostitute poems. Hogarth’s pictorial narrative of Moll Hackabout pursues her progress from arrival in London to syphilitic death in six densely historicizing images, each centering on Moll’s body, inevitably diseased and degenerating. The diseased prostitute body appears larger than life in Swift’s “A Beautiful Young Nymph Going to Bed” (1731) and “Progress of Beauty” (1719), where the “rotting” flesh and “running sores” threaten to liquefy the venereal bodies of Covent Garden prostitutes, similarly to that of Hogarth’s dying Moll. In both Hogarth’s and Swift’s representations, the London prostitute is no longer the archetypal whore or the Restoration courtesan but one among the legion of poor and diseased streetwalkers. The dominant image of the diseased prostitute body evolved alongside a new theory of venereal disease, which pathologized the (overheated) womb as ‘cause’ of venereal disease by mixing and thereby ‘putrefying’ semen from numerous men. This theory, informed by the new science of iatrochemistry of the late seventeenth century, quickly displaced Renaissance venereological discourse and myths with a ‘Modern’ and essentially misogynous view of the female, implicitly prostitute, body. The unnerving parallels between Hogarth’s Harlot and the Lady in Marriage a la Mode and between Swift’s nymphs and the Lady of “The Lady’s Dressing Room” show how the progress of misogyny reached much farther than the precincts of Covent Garden.

Clinical Experience of Surgical Management of Hyperparathyroidism in a Single Institution

SIYEON LEE 대한외과학회 2022 대한외과학회 학술대회 초록집 Vol.2022 No.5

Newton and (Imp)aerial Science in Gulliver`s Travels

( Siyeon Lee ) 한국18세기영문학회 2016 18세기영문학 Vol.13 No.2

The flying island of Laputa in Gulliver`s Trawls is the most consummate of all Jonathan Swift`s “Edifices in the Air.” his signature emblem of the new science or new philosophy of his time, and this study offers a new reading of die Voyage to Laputa. with particular reference to Laputa`s mock-Newtonian aspects. Previous Swift scholarship on die Voyage to Lapina has channeled disproportionate interest to die projectors at Lagado and their likely sources, largely missing out on the centrality of Isaac Newton to Swift`s anti-Modem satire. Swift`s satire is leveled ambitiously at the latest superstar of the new philosophy. whose mathematical system of the world replaced the Cartesian mechanical philosophy he mocked in his early satire. The new/Newtonian philosophy informs the Voyage to Laputa as a whole hit best materializes into the flying magnetic island of Laputa. Laputa is different from all flying vehicles in earlier lunar narratives, because it is a one-of-a-kind man-made celestial body whose motion depend* on the steering of the hidden loadstone. Gulliver`s “philosophical Account" of Laputa`s motion is a parody of Newton`s gravity, the new theory of “Attraction." with a glance at the older theory of seventeenth-century terrestrial magnetism after William Gilbert. Laputa is in itself an apparatus of its imperial rule over Balnibarbi, but ironically, Laputa`s own principle of motion subjects both its trajectory of “force” and aerial methods of oppression to the control of Balnibarbi`s mass. Swift`s satire in the Voyage to Laputa targets the collusion of the new philosophy and England`s imperial agenda and thwarts it by first rendering Laputa a mock-Newtonian moon or “Edifice in the Air” and then subjecting its motion to the gravity-like force of the larger-massed Balnibarbi.

Diving bradycardia of elderly Korean women divers, haenyeo, in cold seawater: a field report

LEE, Joo-Young,LEE, Hyo-Hyun,KIM, Siyeon,JANG, Young-Joon,BAEK, Yoon-Jeong,KANG, Kwon-Yong National Institute of Industrial Health 2016 Industrial health Vol.54 No.2

<P>The purpose of the present field study was to explore diving patterns and heart rate of elderly Korean women divers (haenyeo) while breath-hold diving in cold seawater. We hypothesized that the decreasing rate in heart rate of elderly haenyeos during breath-hold diving was greater and total diving time was shorter than those of young haenyeos from previous studies. Nine haenyeos participated in a field study [68 ± 10 yr in age, ranged from 56 to 83 yr] at a seawater temperature of 10 to 13 °C. Average total diving time including surface swimming time between dives was 253 ± 73 min (155–341 min). Total frequency of dives was 97 ± 28 times and they dived 23 ± 8 times per hour. All haenyeos showed diving bradycardia with a decreased rate of 20 ± 8% at the bottom time (101 ± 20 bpm) when compared to surface swimming time (125 ± 16 bpm) in the sea. Older haenyeos among the nine elderly haenyeos had shorter diving time, less diving frequencies, and lower heart rate at work (<I>p</I><0.05). These reductions imply that haenyeos voluntarily adjust their workload along with advancing age and diminished cardiovascular functions.</P>

The Englishman in the New Worlds: Reforming Aliens and Savages in English New-World Fictions

( Siyeon Lee ) 한국근대영미소설학회 2021 근대 영미소설 Vol.28 No.3

This essay examines four English ‘new world’ fictions―New Atlantis, The Man in the Moone, Robinson Crusoe, and Gulliver’s Travels―against the backdrop of early modern Europe’s shifting outlooks on the new worlds and their inhabitants. The unique Earth-centered finite universe/world envisioned by pre-modern Christendom became increasingly untenable with discoveries of new worlds on Earth by Columbus and in the moon and beyond by Copernicans, thus giving way to the idea of plural Earths/worlds. Encounters with new world inhabitants also raised questions as to their origins and salvific status, for they did not fit into the biblical history of all humanity as Adam’s descendants in need of salvation for their Original Sin. Concurring with the Reformation and Counter-Reformation era, these developments ushered in a race of missions, to the New World in particular, between Catholics and Protestants. Seen in this context, the English new world fictions proceed from depicting Spanish travelers’ ill-fated mission to exulting at the culmination of the English mission in Crusoe’s Protestant Friday. Gulliver’s inverted conversion to Houyhnhnmism serves as a two-way critique of Spanish atrocities in the New World and the Protestant mission, as projected by Robert Boyle, to reform the (new) world in the image of the Englishman.

Somnium, The Man in the Moone, and Reading the Lunar New World in Post-Galileian Europe

( Siyeon Lee ) 한국근대영미소설학회 2017 근대 영미소설 Vol.24 No.2

This study proposes a new perspective on The Man in the Moone, by focusing on the implied rivalry between the Spanish protagonist-narrator and its English author Francis Godwin in a narrative of (lunar) new world expedition set (and composed) in the decades of the Anglo-Spanish maritime encounters. In order to do so, it compares Godwin`s fiction with Johannes Kepler`s Somnium with close reference to early modern views of the “new world discovered in the moon” in the aftermath of Galileo Galilei`s Sidereus Nuncius. The shared fantasy of lunar travel notwithstanding, The Man in the Moone differs sharply from Somnium in its view on the lunar new world; that is, the two fictions `read` it differently. While the threefold dream narrative of Somnium induces a cognitive reading, multivalent and non-acquisitive, of the thitherto unimagined new world, Domingo Gonsales` narrative in The Man in the Moone discloses an essentially acquisitive outlook on new worlds, predetermined by his Spanish experience and anticipation of “speedy” acquisitions. Gonsales` lunar ambition cannot but fail and makes him an inadequate reader/“messenger” of the moon, who does not even manage to return home. Godwin`s fiction implicitly reserves the chances for England in the race for new world colonies now imaginatively magnified to the celestial scale.

세계 교통관련 연구의 빅데이터 분석을 통한 교통연구 동향 분석

이시연(SiYeon Lee),문혜정(HyeJung Moon) 한국경영학회 2017 한국경영학회 통합학술발표논문집 Vol.2017 No.08

본 연구는 교통 관련 연구 논문에 대한 시맨틱 네트워크 분석을 통해 교통 연구의 연구 동향을 분석하고 전 세계와 한국의 연구 동향을 비교하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 분석대상은 학술 정보 데이터베이스인 ‘WoS(Web of Science)’ 데이터베이스에서 수집 한 약2 만1 천 개의 연구 논문을 대상으로 오픈 소스 소프트웨어인 Khcoder를 사용하여 논문, 초록, 연구 분야와 같은 메타 정보로 시맨틱 네트워크 분석을 수행하였다. 분석결과, 전 세계의 주요 연구 분야는 “교통계획(model)”, “교통류(traffic)”, “배기가스 저감(emission)”, “에너지 효율(energy)”로 구분되었으며 주요 연구 결과를 기간별로 분석 한 결과, 1992년 기후 변화 협약 이후 화석 연료의 사용 저감에 관한 연구가 집중적으로 증가한 것을 확인하였다. 이것은 예측 가능한 결과이지만 전문분석SW를 사용하여 정책이 연구 흐름에 큰 영향을 미친다는 것을 계량적이며 객관적으로 설명할 수 있다는 것을 보여준다. 1970 년부터 1996 년까지 교통 분야의 2만1천 건의 논문 중 미국은 9772건의 연구 논문을, 한국은 456 건의 연구 논문을 대상으로 시맨틱 네트워크분석을 통해 비교한 결과 미국과 한국은 역사, 지리, 경제력, 인구 등의 차이에도 불구하고 주요 연구 주제 중 전통정인 교통 연구 분야인 “교통계획(mode)”,“교통류(traffic)”은 유사한 패턴을 보여주는 반면 “첨단차량(intelligent)”,“대중교통(public)”가 주요 연구영역으로 나타났으며, “에너지”와 “배기가스 저감”은 하나의 연구영역으로 결합되었다. 이는 한국의 교통 연구가 전통적 연구 영역은 미국의 학술 이론을 그대로 받아들여 수행되고 있는 반면 한국과 미국의 다른 여건으로 인해 한국만의 연구영역이 형성되고 있었음을 보여주는 것이다. 따라서 대중교통의 이용을 높이고, 배기가스를 저감하기 위한 노력을 기울이는 국가의 교통 정책 및 연구 동향을 비교 분석하여 한국에 적용해야 한다는 전문가의 의견 등을 적극 반영하려면 과거와 달리 전체 연구논문을 대상으로 객관적으로 분석이 가능하기 때문에 교통 연구의 빅데이터를 시맨틱 네트워크 분석방법으로 분석하여 전문가의 정책 제안활동에 기여를 할 수 있다고 생각한다. 그런 의미에서 본 연구는 WoS에서 “transportation”이란 키워드로 추출한 전체 논문을 대상으로 전문SW를 활용한 “시맨틱 네트워크 분석“ 이라는 방법론을 제안하였기 때문에 의미가 있다. In this research, we analyze research trends in traffic research through semantic network analysis of traffic related research papers, and have a purpose to compare Korean research trends in the whole world. The analysis covers about 21,000 research papers collected from the “WoS (Web of Science)” database, which is an academic information database. In the analysis, semantic network analysis was performed on meta information such as paper, green, and research field using Khcoder, an open source SW. As a result of the analysis, the main research fields of the whole world are divided into three main categories, “transportation”, “traffic”, “exhaust emission reduction” and “energy efficiency” As a result of analyzing the results on a periodic basis, it confirmed that since 1992 the Framework Convention on Climate Change has increased the research on reduction of fossil fuel use intensively. This is a predictable result, but it shows that it is quantitative and objective to explain that policy has a big influence on the flow of research using professional analysis SW. Among 21,000 articles in the transportation field from 1970 to 1996, the United States compared 9772 research papers and 456 research papers in Korea through semantic network analysis, and as a result, Despite the differences in history, geography, economic power, population, etc., Korea is a major research topic, and the “traffic plan” (mode), “traffic”, which is a traditional planned traffic research field,, Indicating a similar pattern. However, “intelligent” and “public transport” appeared in the main research area, “energy” and “reduction of exhaust gas” were combined into one research area. This explains that Korean transportation research is accepting and executing the American academic theory as it is, the traditional research field is formed and the research field of only Korea is formed by other conditions of Korea and the United States . Therefore, we believe that analysis of semantic networks is suitable for comparing the country ’s transport policy and research to increase the utilization rate of public transportation and reducing exhaust gas and apply it to research. We believe that it will be of great help if we can use such analytical methods to help experts’ policy proposal activities. In that sense, in this research, we proposed a methodology called “semantic network analysis” that uses specialized SWs for all articles extracted by keyword “transportation” in WoS, so it makes sense