Intra-Spinal Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells Transplantation Inhibits the Expression of Nuclear Factor-${\kappa}B$ in Acute Transection Spinal Cord Injury in Rats

Shrestha, Rajiv Prasad,Qiao, Jian Min,Shen, Fu Guo,Bista, Krishna Bahadur,Zhao, Zhong Nan,Yang, Jianhua The Korean Neurosurgical Society 2014 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.56 No.5

Objective : To assess the effect of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) transplantation in the expression of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$) in spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. Methods : BMMNCs were isolated from tibia and femur by a density gradient centrifugation. After establishment of acute transection SCI, rats were divided into experiment (BMMNCs), experiment control (0.1 M PBS infused) and sham surgery groups (laminectomy without any SCI). Locomotor function was assessed weekly for 5 weeks post-injury using BBB locomotor score and urinary bladder function daily for 4 weeks post-injury. Activity of NF-${\kappa}B$ in spinal cord was assessed by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Results : At each time point post-injury, sham surgery group had significantly higher Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan locomotor and urinary bladder function scores than experiment and experiment control group (p<0.05). At subsequent time interval there were gradual improvement in both experiment and experiment control group, but experiment group had higher score in comparison to experiment control group (p<0.05). Comparisons were also made for expression of activated NF-${\kappa}B$ positive cells and level of NF-${\kappa}B$ messenger RNA in spinal cord at various time points between the groups. Activated NF-${\kappa}B$ immunoreactivity and level of NF-${\kappa}B$ mRNA expression were significantly higher in control group in comparison to experiment and sham surgery group (p<0.05). Conclusion : BMMNCs transplantation attenuates the expression of NF-${\kappa}B$ in injured spinal cord tissue and thus helps in recovery of neurological function in rat models with SCI.

Potential dangerous and invadable pests and diseases in Nepal

Yam Kumar Shrestha,Rajiv Das Rajbhandari,Sunita Shrestha 한국농약과학회 2018 한국농약과학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2018 No.10

Potential dangerous and invadable pests and diseases in Nepal

Yam Kumar Shrestha,Rajiv Das Rajbhandari,Sunita Shrestha 한국응용곤충학회 2018 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2018 No.10

A review was made on notorious insect pests and diseases of crops, resulting about 25-35% yield loss annually in Nepal. Among the insect pests; brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) in rice, cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) in various crops, armyworm (Mythimna separate) in rice and maize, white stemborer (Xylotrechus quadripes) in coffee, Potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) and red ants (Dorylus orientalis) in potato are causing periodically havoc. Whiteflies, mealybugs and leaf miners are emerging as major pests. Recently introduced South American tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) in tomato, officially identified in 2016 from Kathmandu valley is reported as possible dangerous pest. Similarly, blast (Magnaporthe grisea) and bacterial leaf blight of rice, late blight and bacterial wilt of tomato and potato, club root and black rot of crucifers, downy mildew and virus complex of cucumber, citrus greening (Liberobacter asiaticum), leaf and stripe rusts of wheat, northern leaf blight of maize, panama wilt of banana etc. are considered as major diseases of economic importance. Bacterial stem rot (Erwinia caratova) of tomato and gray leaf spot (Cercospora zea maydis) of maize are emerging for significant yield loss. The newly introduced coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix) is now becoming serious threat to coffee plantation. Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and UG99 virulence race of Puccinia graminis need to prevent becoming dangerous from their entry. This review would be helpful to policy planning, future research and extension works.

Analysis of Rreviews and Usability Studies of Online Shopping Consumers

LAMA NIRAJ,SHRESTHA RAJIV,BIBEK RAI,SAPANA SHAHI,ADHIKARI MADAN 서비스마케팅학회 2022 서비스마케팅학회 학술대회 발표논문집 Vol.2022 No.11

With the popularization of online shopping, consumers have more choices to make purchasing decisions due to the diversity of brands, but due to the nature of online shopping, consumers can not directly check products and face uncertainty about the quality of many products.,Therefore, online reviews are more important for consumers to indirectly evaluate various aspects such as price and quality of products. Consumers can reduce information asymmetry and make purchasing decisions through online reviews, and reviews are more reliable than anonymous consumers' direct reviews, compared to seller information that is considered to have intent. More than 90% of reviews have been found to influence consumer purchasing decisions. In this situation, e-commerce companies offer incentives such as giveaways and discounts to high-ranking reviewers in order to obtain more customer reviews; that is because the more product reviews, the higher the customer's interest in the product. This study provides practical implications for the analysis of reviews that have not been used mainly due to the limitations of various product lines based on the generalized topic framework.,In addition, when the individual consumer's review usefulness voting pattern is reflected, more significant reviews can be placed at the top to induce the purchase of the product, and thus can be applied to the online consumer's personalization recommendation system in electronic commerce.

Burden of cervical neoplasia in mid-western rural Nepal: a population-based study

Niresh Thapa,Girishma Shrestha,Muna Maharjan,Deborah Lindell,Ninu Maskey,Rajiv Shah,Caiyun Ge,Hongbing Cai 대한부인종양학회 2018 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.29 No.5

Objective: To assess the burden of cervical neoplasia in mid-western rural, Nepal using cytology, visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and visual inspection with Lugol's iodine (VILI). Method: A cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted. Total of 2,279 married, non-pregnant women aged 20–65 years participated in a screening clinic from May 2016 to January 2017. All eligible women completed self-report of socio-demographic and reproductive health data followed by screening tests. Biopsies were obtained from areas on the cervix assessed by VIA and or VILI to be abnormal. Final disease was confirmed by biopsy report. Results: A total of 96.09% (n=2,190) women were eligible for this study with mean age 32.78±9.33 years. The overall rate of positive cytology, VIA, and VILI were 3.69%, 12.45%, and 16.89%, respectively. Sixty-two cases were biopsy proven cervical neoplasia. Altogether 78 (3.69%) cases were cytologically abnormal: 25 (1.18%) were atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, 33 (1.56%) were low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 11 (0.52%) were high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, and 9 (0.42%) were squamous cell carcinoma. Illiterate women appeared to be at higher risk for cervical neoplasia (p<0.001). Similarly, age ≥46 years (p<0.013), participant's multiple marriages or sexual partners (p<0.005), and positive human immunodeficiency virus status (p<0.001) were significantly associated with abnormal cytology. Conclusion: Based on cytology report, there is 3.69% prevalence of cervical neoplasia among women in a rural region of mid-western, Nepal. A “screen and treat” approach would be more attractive in low resource settings.

Knowledge, attitude, practice and barriers of cervical cancer screening among women living in mid-western rural, Nepal

Niresh Thapa,Muna Maharjan,Marcia A. Petrini,Rajiv Shah,Swati Shah,Narayani Maharjan,Navin Shrestha,Hongbing Cai 대한부인종양학회 2018 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.29 No.4

OBJECTIVE: To find out the knowledge, attitude, practice, and barriers of cervical cancer screening in mid-western rural, Nepal. METHODS: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Women aged 20 or more were interviewed using a structured questionnaire regarding the socio-demographic information, knowledge, attitude, practice, and barriers to the cervical cancer screening. RESULTS: Total of 360 participants were recruited for this study, mean age was 30.13±10.4 years. More than 87% of participants had inadequate knowledge, but around 72% had a favorable attitude towards cervical cancer screening. There was a significant portion of women (86.4%) had never done any cervical cancer screening test. Despite being higher literacy rate of Brahmin and Chhetri ethnic group, they were less likely to attend the cervical cancer screening than Dalit and Janajati (p<0.001); and those who had a positive family history of cancer were more likely to attend the cervical cancer screening (p<0.001). Similarly, married women, who had adequate knowledge and or favorable attitude, were more likely to practice cervical cancer screening, though statistically not significant. Factors such as "No symptoms," "Lack of awareness," "Embarrassment," etc. were the most common barriers for the cervical cancer screening. CONCLUSION: The adequate knowledge and practice of cervical cancer screening were meager among rural Nepalese women, but most of them had a favorable attitude. There is an imperative need for related awareness programs to promote the uptake of cervical cancer screening tests.