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이주헌 ( Joo Heon Lee ),( S Venkataraman ) 한국중소기업학회 2013 기업가정신과 벤처연구 Vol.16 No.2
Authors try to answer the following question, “Who are entrepreneurs and why do they want to become entrepreneurs?” In order to identify answers to the question, we argue that researchers need to focus on the decision making problem of an individual instead of environmental factors. In this article, we propose a different theoretical framework, similar to the “prospective theory” in economics, from existing theories in entrepreneurship. People usually have two types of opportunities, which are entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial opportunities. First, using a formal model, we try to prove that different individuals who have different “aspiration levels” tend to have different sets of opportunities, entrepreneurial and non-entrepreneurial. Authors claim that people become entrepreneurs because of the divergences between an individual`s aspiration level and the market evaluations of the individual. Then, we offer a couple of cases of when and how an individual`s aspiration level and the market evaluation of the individual can be different.
Saware Kantrao,Mahadappa Aurade Ravindra,S.M.D. Akbar,P.D. Kamala Jayanthi,Abbaraju Venkataraman 한국응용곤충학회 2017 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.20 No.2
We investigated the effect of Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the gut protease activity of insecticide resistant gram caterpillar, Helicoverpa armigera. The leaf extracts of Peepal tree, Ficus religiosa (FR) and banyan tree, Ficus benghalensis (FB) mediated biogenic AgNPs were synthesized to modulate the function of gut protease activity in H. armigera (Ha). Bioassay with FR and FB AgNPs significantly reduced both larval weight and survival rate of H. armigera. The FR and FB AgNPs inhibited the Ha-Gut protease activity by 50 and 70% at 100 μg concentration respectively. The FR and FB Silver nanoparticles were interacted and binds with high affinity with protease. The inhibition studies on Ha-gut protease activity may contribute towards developing new IRM(Insecticide Resistant Management) strategies against H. armigera to overcome insecticidal resistance issues.
Basavaraja, C.,Pierson, R.,Huh, Do-Sung,Venkataraman, A.,Basavaraja, S. The Polymer Society of Korea 2009 Macromolecular Research Vol.17 No.8
Two types of nano composite were obtained by in situ chemical method in polyaniline (PANI)/dodecyl-benzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) system depending on the use of either ammonium persulfate (APS) or ferric chloride ($FeCl_3$) as the oxidant. In order to study the difference of the two composites in the surface characteristics, thermal stability, and electric properties, the composite films were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and temperature dependent DC electrical conductivity. The results revealed a large difference in the surface morphology, thermal stability, and the microstructure properties between the two composites, and these differences were considered responsible for the molecular order and conductivity.
Mechanically controlled binary conductance switching of a single-molecule junction
Quek, Su Ying,Kamenetska, Maria,Steigerwald, Michael L.,Choi, Hyoung Joon,Louie, Steven G.,Hybertsen, Mark S.,Neaton, J. B.,Venkataraman, Latha Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2009 Nature nanotechnology Vol.4 No.4
<P>Molecular-scale components are expected to be central to the realization of nanoscale electronic devices. Although molecular-scale switching has been reported in atomic quantum point contacts, single-molecule junctions provide the additional flexibility of tuning the on/off conductance states through molecular design. To date, switching in single-molecule junctions has been attributed to changes in the conformation or charge state of the molecule. Here, we demonstrate reversible binary switching in a single-molecule junction by mechanical control of the metal-molecule contact geometry. We show that 4,4'-bipyridine-gold single-molecule junctions can be reversibly switched between two conductance states through repeated junction elongation and compression. Using first-principles calculations, we attribute the different measured conductance states to distinct contact geometries at the flexible but stable nitrogen-gold bond: conductance is low when the N-Au bond is perpendicular to the conducting pi-system, and high otherwise. This switching mechanism, inherent to the pyridine-gold link, could form the basis of a new class of mechanically activated single-molecule switches.</P>
Conductance and Geometry of Pyridine-Linked Single-Molecule Junctions
Kamenetska, M.,Quek, Su Ying,Whalley, A. C.,Steigerwald, M. L.,Choi, H. J.,Louie, Steven G.,Nuckolls, C.,Hybertsen, M. S.,Neaton, J. B.,Venkataraman, L. American Chemical Society 2010 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.132 No.19
<P>We have measured the conductance and characterized molecule−electrode binding geometries of four pyridine-terminated molecules by elongating and then compressing gold point contacts in a solution of molecules. We have found that all pyridine-terminated molecules exhibit bistable conductance signatures, signifying that the nature of the pyridine−gold bond allows two distinct conductance states that are accessed as the gold−molecule−gold junction is elongated. We have identified the low-conductance state as corresponding to a molecule fully stretched out between the gold electrodes, where the distance between contacts correlates with the length of the molecule; the high-conductance state is due to a molecule bound at an angle. For all molecules, we have found that the distribution of junction elongations in the low-conductance state is the same, while in the high-conductance state, the most likely elongation length increases linearly with molecule length. The results of first-principles conductance calculations for the four molecules in the low-conductance geometry agree well with the experimental results and show that the dominant conducting channel in the conjugated pyridine-linked molecules is through the π* orbital.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2010/jacsat.2010.132.issue-19/ja1015348/production/images/medium/ja-2010-015348_0006.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja1015348'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>