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NGL family PSD-95–interacting adhesion molecules regulate excitatory synapse formation
Kim, Seho,Burette, Alain,Chung, Hye Sun,Kwon, Seok-Kyu,Woo, Jooyeon,Lee, Hyun Woo,Kim, Karam,Kim, Hyun,Weinberg, Richard J,Kim, Eunjoon NATURE AMERICA 2006 NATURE NEUROSCIENCE Vol.9 No.10
Synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) regulate synapse formation through their trans-synaptic and heterophilic adhesion. Here we show that postsynaptic netrin-G ligand (NGL) CAMs associate with netrin-G CAMs in an isoform-specific manner and, through their cytosolic tail, with the abundant postsynaptic scaffold postsynaptic density–95 (PSD-95). Overexpression of NGL-2 in cultured rat neurons increased the number of PSD-95–positive dendritic protrusions. NGL-2 located on heterologous cells or beads induced functional presynaptic differentiation in contacting neurites. Direct aggregation of NGL-2 on the surface membrane of dendrites induced the clustering of excitatory postsynaptic proteins. Competitive inhibition by soluble NGL-2 reduced the number of excitatory synapses. NGL-2 knockdown reduced excitatory, but not inhibitory, synapse numbers and currents. These results suggest that NGL regulates the formation of excitatory synapses.
Jong S. Kim,Yeon-Jung Kim,Kyung Bok Lee,Jae-Kwan Cha,Jong-Moo Park,Yang-Ha Hwang,Eung-Gyu Kim,Joung-Ho Rha,Jaseong Koo,Jei Kim,Yong-Jae Kim,Woo-Keun Seo,김동억,Thompson G. Robinson,Richard I. Lindley,Xia 대한뇌졸중학회 2018 Journal of stroke Vol.20 No.1
Background and Purpose Following the positive results from recent trials on endovascular therapy (EVT), bridging therapy (intravenous alteplase plus EVT) is increasingly being used for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. However, the optimal dose of intravenous alteplase remains unknown in centers where bridging therapy is actively performed. The optimal dose for eventual recanalization and positive clinical outcomes in patients receiving bridging therapy also remains unknown. Methods In this prospective Enhanced Control of Hypertension and Thrombolysis Stroke Study (ENCHANTED) sub-study, we explored the outcomes following treatment with two different doses (low- [0.6 mg/kg] or standard-dose [0.9 mg/kg]) of intravenous alteplase across 12 Korean centers where EVT is actively performed. The primary endpoint was a favorable outcome at 90 days (modified Rankin Scale scores 0 to 1). Secondary endpoints included symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in all patients, and the recanalization rate and favorable outcome in patients who underwent cerebral angiography for EVT (ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01422616). Results Of 351 patients, the primary outcome occurred in 46% of patients in both the standard- (80/173) and low-dose (81/178) groups (odds ratio [OR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72 to 1.81; P=0.582), although ICHs tended to occur more frequently in the standard-dose group (8% vs.3%, P=0.056). Of the 67 patients who underwent cerebral angiography, there was no significant difference in favorable functional outcome between the standard- and low-dose groups (39% vs.21%; OR, 2.39; 95% CI, 0.73 to 7.78; P=0.149). Conclusions There was no difference in functional outcome between the patients receiving different doses of alteplase in centers actively performing bridging therapy.
Log-Rolling Block Copolymer Cylinders
Kim, Ye Chan,Kim, Dong Hyup,Joo, Se Hun,Kwon, Na Kyung,Shin, Tae Joo,Register, Richard A.,Kwak, Sang Kyu,Kim, So Youn American Chemical Society 2017 Macromolecules Vol.50 No.9
<P>Shear is an effective method to create long-range order in micro- or nanostructured soft materials. When simple shear flow is applied, particles or polymer microdomains tend to align in the shear direction to minimize viscous dissipation; thus, transverse alignment (so-called log-rolling) is not typically favored. This is the first study to report the transverse alignment of cylinder-forming coil coil block copolymers. Poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate), PS PMMA, where the PS blocks form the matrix, can adopt a metastable PMMA hemicylindrical structure when confined in a thin film, and this hemicylindrical structure can orient either along the shear direction or transverse to the shear direction depending on the shearing temperature. A monolayer of PS PMMA forming full cylinders exhibits log-rolling alignment. This unusual log-rolling behavior is explained by the low chain mobility of the cylinder-forming PMMA block at low temperatures, which is direction of shear alignment. the critical quantity determining the</P>