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Gut Microbial Dysbiosis in the Pathogenesis of Gastrointestinal Dysmotility and Metabolic Disorders
( Rajan Singh ),( Hannah Zogg ),( Lai Wei ),( Allison Bartlett ),( Uday C Ghoshal ),( Singh Rajender ),( Seungil Ro ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회(구 대한소화관운동학회) 2021 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.27 No.1
Of all microorganisms in the human body, the largest and most complex population resides in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The gut microbiota continuously adapts to the host environment and serves multiple critical functions for their hosts, including regulating host immunity, procuring energy from food, and preventing the colonization of pathogens. Mounting evidence has suggested gut microbial imbalance (dysbiosis) as a core pathophysiology in the development of GI motility and metabolic disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome and diabetes. Current research has focused on discovering associations between these disorders and gut microbial dysbiosis; however, whether these associations are a consequence or cause is still mostly unexplored. State-of-the-art studies have investigated how gut microbes communicate with our body systems through microbiota-derived metabolites and how they are able to modulate host physiology. There is now mounting evidence that alterations in the composition of small intestinal microbes have an association with GI dysmotility and metabolic disorders. Although treatment options for gut microbial dysbiosis are currently limited, antibiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, and dietary interventions are currently the best options. However, treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics has been viewed with skepticism due to the risk of developing antibiotic resistant bacteria. Studies are warranted to elucidate the cellular and molecular pathways underlying gut microbiota-host crosstalk and for the development of a powerful platform for future therapeutic approaches. Here, we review recent literature on gut microbial alterations and/or interactions involved in the pathophysiology of GI dysmotility and metabolic disorders. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021;27:19-34)
18F-FDG PET/CT detects Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Masquerading as Primary Breast Malignancy
Ashwin Singh Parihar,Bhagwant Rai Mittal,Shelvin Kumar Vadi,Rajender Kumar,Kaniyappan Nambiyar,Bishan Radotra,Lileswar Kaman 대한핵의학회 2018 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.52 No.6
We present the case of a 36-year-old woman who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT with suspicion of a primary breast malignancy. However, PET/CT detected an occult renal cell carcinoma with metastases to the thyroid, breast, lungs and lymph nodes. Thyroidand breast metastases are atypical metastatic sites of renal cell carcinoma. Breast metastases from extra mammary tissue areextremely rare, more so from renal cell carcinoma. Histopathologic confirmation of the breast lesions is imperative to avoidunnecessary mastectomy and imaging can help in raising the suspicion of metastatic involvement versus primary breastmalignancy.
Groove Pancreatitis Masquerading as Pancreatic Carcinoma—Detected on 18F-FDG PET/CT
Ashwin Singh Parihar,Bhagwant Rai Mittal,Shelvin Kumar Vadi,Apurva Sood,Rajender Kumar,Usha Dutta 대한핵의학회 2018 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.52 No.6
Groove pancreatitis is a rare form of chronic pancreatitis that affects the groove area adjacent to the second part of the duodenum. Clinical and biochemical features often overlap with other subsets of chronic pancreatitis, while the imaging features resemblethat of carcinoma of the head of pancreas. We present a 38-year-old man with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and loss ofweight who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT to rule out a pancreatic malignancy. PET/CT imaging features of groove pancreatitisare distinct from the other subsets of chronic pancreatitis, such as alcoholic and autoimmune pancreatitis, and helpful in thediagnosis and planning further management of the patient.
68Ga-DOTA-RGD2 Uptake in Plantar Fasciitis: New Insights into its Pathogenesis
Piyush Aggarwal,Singh Harmandeep,Kumar Rajender,Aman Sharma 대한핵의학회 2022 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.56 No.3
Plantar fasciitis is chronic degenerative tendinopathy of the plantar fascia. Although it has many treatment modalities, none has been very effective due to the largely unknown pathogenesis of this condition. 68Ga-DOTA-RGD2 has an upcoming role in assessing disease activity and treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis. In the present case, we demonstrate the potential role of angiogenesis imaging in understanding the pathogenesis of plantar fasciitis and provide new opportunities for novel imaging options.
Jain Tarun Kumar,Singh Harmandeep,Kumar Rajender,Bal Amanjit,Sood Ashwani,Mittal Bhagwant Rai 대한핵의학회 2020 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.54 No.5
Pulmonary blastoma (PB) is a rare thoracic malignancy and preoperative diagnosis is challenging. A young man presented with dyspnea and chest pain for 3–4 months and chest-computed tomography (CT) revealed large mass in the left lung upper lobe and pleural effusion. Repeated CT-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology from the lesion and pleural fluid aspiration was negative for malignancy. F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (FDG PET-CT) revealed heterogeneous tracer avidity in left lung mass with areas of necrosis. Real-time PET-CT-guided biopsy from metabolically active component of the lesion revealed biphasic PB on histopathology.
Alahmar, Ahmed T,Singh, Rajender The Korean Society for Reproductive Medicine 2022 Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine Vol.49 No.1
Objective: Oxidative stress and sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) have been linked to idiopathic male infertility (IMI). Various antioxidants have been tried to improve semen parameters and fertility potential in IMI patients, but with inconsistent results. The study aimed to compare the effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and Centrum multivitamins on semen parameters, seminal antioxidant capacity, and SDF in infertile men with idiopathic oligoasthenospermia (OA). Methods: This prospective controlled clinical study involved 130 patients with idiopathic OA and 58 fertile controls. The patients were divided randomly into two groups: the first group received CoQ10 (200 mg/day orally) and the second group received Centrum multivitamins (1 tablet/day) for 3 months. Semen parameters, CoQ10 levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase, SDF, and serum hormone levels (follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and prolactin) were compared at baseline and after 3 months. Results: Both CoQ10 and Centrum improved sperm concentration and motility, but the improvement was greater with Centrum therapy (p<0.05). Similarly, both therapies improved antioxidant capacity, but TAC and catalase improvement was greater (p<0.01 and p<0.001 respectively) with CoQ10, whereas ROS (p<0.01) and SDF (p<0.001) improvements were greater with Centrum administration. Centrum therapy was associated with reduced serum testosterone (p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, both CoQ10 and Centrum were effective in improving semen parameters, antioxidant capacity, and SDF, but the improvement was greater with Centrum than with CoQ10. Therefore, Centrum-as a source of combined antioxidants-may provide more effective results than individual antioxidants such as CoQ10 in the treatment of infertile men with idiopathic OA.
Biotransformation of withanolides by cell suspension cultures of Withania somnifera (Dunal)
Sabir, Farzana,Sangwan, Rajender S.,Singh, Jyoti,Misra, Laxmi N.,Pathak, Neelam,Sangwan, Neelam S. The Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology 2011 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.5 No.2
The biotransformation potential of cell suspension cultures generated from Withania somnifera leaf was investigated, using withanolides, i.e. withanolide A, withaferin A, and withanone as precursor substrates. Interestingly, the cell suspension cultures showed inter-conversion of withanolides, as well converted to some unknown compounds, released to the culture media. The bio-catalyzed withanolide was detected and quantified by TLC and HPLC, respectively. There is noticeable conversion of withanolide A to withanone, and vice versa though at a lower level. The type of reaction of this biotransformation appears to be substitution of 20-OH group to 17-OH in withanolide A. In this paper, we present for the first time the possibility of biotransformation by inter-conversion of withanolides of pharmacological importance through cell suspension culture of W. somnifera. The possible role of putative cytochrome $P_{450}$ hydroxylases is implicated in the conversion.