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Organic Zener Diodes: Tunneling across the Gap in Organic Semiconductor Materials
Kleemann, Hans,Gutierrez, Rafael,Lindner, Frank,Avdoshenko, Stanislav,Manrique, Pedro D.,Lü,ssem, Bjö,rn,Cuniberti, Gianaurelio,Leo, Karl American Chemical Society 2010 Nano letters Vol.10 No.12
<P>Organic Zener diodes with a precisely adjustable reverse breakdown from −3 to −15 V without any influence on the forward current−voltage curve are realized. This is accomplished by controlling the width of the charge depletion zone in a pin-diode with an accuracy of one nanometer independently of the doping concentration and the thickness of the intrinsic layer. The breakdown effect with its exponential current voltage behavior and a weak temperature dependence is explained by a tunneling mechanism across the highest occupied molecular orbital−lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gap of neighboring molecules. The experimental data are confirmed by a minimal Hamiltonian model approach, including coherent tunneling and incoherent hopping processes as possible charge transport pathways through the effective device region.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/nalefd/2010/nalefd.2010.10.issue-12/nl102916n/production/images/medium/nl-2010-02916n_0005.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nl102916n'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
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EEG-based usability assessment of 3D shutter glasses
Wenzel, Markus A,Schultze-Kraft, Rafael,Meinecke, Frank C,Fabien Cardinaux,Kemp, Thomas,Klaus-Robert Mü,ller,Gabriel Curio,Benjamin Blankertz IOP 2016 Journal of neural engineering Vol.13 No.1
<P> <I>Objective.</I> Neurotechnology can contribute to the usability assessment of products by providing objective measures of neural workload and can uncover usability impediments that are not consciously perceived by test persons. In this study, the neural processing effort imposed on the viewer of 3D television by shutter glasses was quantified as a function of shutter frequency. In particular, we sought to determine the critical shutter frequency at which the ‘neural flicker’ vanishes, such that visual fatigue due to this additional neural effort can be prevented by increasing the frequency of the system. <I>Approach.</I> Twenty-three participants viewed an image through 3D shutter glasses, while multichannel electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. In total ten shutter frequencies were employed, selected individually for each participant to cover the range below, at and above the threshold of flicker perception. The source of the neural flicker correlate was extracted using independent component analysis and the flicker impact on the visual cortex was quantified by decoding the state of the shutter from the EEG. <I>Main Result.</I> Effects of the shutter glasses were traced in the EEG up to around 67?Hz—about 20?Hz over the flicker perception threshold—and vanished at the subsequent frequency level of 77?Hz. <I>Significance.</I> The impact of the shutter glasses on the visual cortex can be detected by neurotechnology even when a flicker is not reported by the participants. <I>Potential impact.</I> Increasing the shutter frequency from the usual 50?Hz or 60?Hz to 77?Hz reduces the risk of visual fatigue and thus improves shutter-glass-based 3D usability.</P>
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Sunflower cake with or without enzymatic complex for broiler chickens feeding
Eveline Berwanger,Ricardo Vianna Nunes,tiago Junior Pasquetti,Alice Eiko Murakami,Taciana Maria Moraes de Oliveira,Douglas Fernando Bayerle,Rafael Frank 아세아·태평양축산학회 2017 Animal Bioscience Vol.30 No.3
Objective: This study was to evaluate the sunflower cake and enzymatic complex fed to broilers from 22 to 42 d of age. Methods: In a completely randomized design, a total of 850 birds were allotted in a 2×5 factorial scheme (with and without enzymatic complex) and five inclusion levels (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) of sunflower cake. There were 5 replications and 17 birds in each experimental unit. Data from performance, carcass yield and intestinal morphology were evaluated. Results: Feed intake, weight gain, final weight and feed:gain ratio linearly worsened as sunflower cake increased. For weight gain, final weight and feed:gain ratio, the birds whose diets contained levels of 15% and 20% of sunflower cake showed worse values (p<0.05) than the birds fed the control diet. When fed the enzymatic complex, birds improved (p<0.05) crypt depth and villus:crypt ratio in the jejunum. As inclusion levels of sunflower cake increased, villus depth and villus:crypt ratio in duodenum, jejunum and ileum linearly reduced and the crypt depth linearly increased. Carcass yield linearly reduced as sunflower cake increased. Conclusion: Based on performance, sunflower cake can be used up to 10% in broilers feeding from 21 to 42 days of age.
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