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Particulate and gas sampling of prescribed fires in South Georgia, USA
Balachandran, S.,Pachon, J.E.,Lee, S.,Oakes, M.M.,Rastogi, N.,Shi, W.,Tagaris, E.,Yan, B.,Davis, A.,Zhang, X.,Weber, R.J.,Mulholland, J.A.,Bergin, M.H.,Zheng, M.,Russell, A.G. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier [distribution] 2013 Atmospheric environment Vol.81 No.-
Gaseous and particulate species from two prescribed fires were sampled in-situ, to better characterize prescribed burn emissions. Measurements included gaseous and fine particulate matter (PM<SUB>2.5</SUB>) species, particle number concentration, particulate organic carbon (POC) speciation, water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and water-soluble iron. Major PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> components included OC (~57%), EC (~10%), chloride (~1.6%), potassium (~0.7%) and nitrate (~0.9%). Major gaseous species include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, ethane, methanol and ethylene. Particulate organic tracers of biomass burning, such as levoglucosan, dehydroabietic acid and retene, increased significantly during the burns. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) also increased significantly during the fire and levels are highly correlated with total potassium (K) (R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.93) and levoglucosan (R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.98). The average WSOC/OC ratio was 0.51 +/- 0.03 and did not change significantly from background levels. Thus, the WSOC/OC ratio may not be a good indicator of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in regions that are expected to be impacted by biomass burning. Results using a biomass burning source profile derived from this work further indicate that source apportionment is sensitive to levels of potassium in biomass burning source profiles. This underscores the importance of quantifying local biomass burning source profiles.
Complex Multicolor Tilings and Critical Phenomena in Tetraphilic Liquid Crystals
Zeng, X.,Kieffer, R.,Glettner, B.,Nurnberger, C.,Liu, F.,Pelz, K.,Prehm, M.,Baumeister, U.,Hahn, H.,Lang, H.,Gehring, G. A.,Weber, C. H. M.,Hobbs, J. K.,Tschierske, C.,Ungar, G. American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2011 Science Vol.331 No.6022
<P>T-shaped molecules with a rod-like aromatic core and a flexible side chain form liquid crystal honeycombs with aromatic cell walls and a cell interior filled with the side chains. Here, we show how the addition of a second chain, incompatible with the first (X-shaped molecules), can form honeycombs with highly complex tiling patterns, with cells of up to five different compositions ('colors') and polygonal shapes. The complexity is caused by the inability of the side chains to separate cleanly because of geometric frustration. Furthermore, a thermoreversible transition was observed between a multicolor (phase-separated) and a single-color (mixed) honeycomb phase. This is analogous to the Curie transition in simple and frustrated ferro- and antiferromagnets; here spin flips are replaced by 180° reorientations of the molecules.</P>
Cyanophora paradoxa Genome Elucidates Origin of Photosynthesis in Algae and Plants
Price, D. C.,Chan, C. X.,Yoon, H. S.,Yang, E. C.,Qiu, H.,Weber, A. P. M.,Schwacke, R.,Gross, J.,Blouin, N. A.,Lane, C.,Reyes-Prieto, A.,Durnford, D. G.,Neilson, J. A. D.,Lang, B. F.,Burger, G.,Steiner American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2012 Science Vol.335 No.6070