The Character sties of Dai Zhen’s Thoughts

( Guo Qiyong ) 성균관대학교 유교문화연구소 2007 儒敎文化硏究(中文版) Vol.8 No.-

戴震對孟子的詮釋,不僅有別于孟子,尤其有別于宋明儒。戴震借解釋孟子來發揮自己的思想。戴震的“氣論”講宇宙只是生生不己的大歷程,但區分了 “化之原”與“化之流”,“生生者”與“生生而條理者”,“自然”、“必然”與“本然”。戴震特重講氣化流行中的“理”,回到事物的規定性,分析事物之理。在人性論方面,戴震講欲、情、知是血氣心知之自然,不以“性”爲生來就圓滿自足的,主張擴充其性,反對“復其初”。戴震是淸代思想家,淸代思想家與宋明思想家不同,其基本方式是“回到孔孟”,卽借回到孔孟來發揮自己的思想,在宋明儒的基礎上講一点不同于宋明儒的東西,這就是創新。 Dai Zhen’s explanation to Mencius’ thinking not only differentiates himself from Mencius but also from Song-Ming Confucians. By virtue of explaining Mencius, Dai has brought his own ideas into fore. Dai Zhen’s theory of “material force” (Qi) deals with the never- ending process of universe formation. However, Dai distinguishes the differences between “the source of change” and “the flow of change”, “the begetter of the production” and “the begetter of the principle”, “nature”(ziran), “necessity” and “thing-in-itself’. Dai Zhen places special emphasis on talking about the principle of the circulation of the material force and analyzing on the principle of things while letting things return to their own pattern and order. In terms of human nature, Dai Zhen maintains that desire, feelings and intellect are the natural products of blood, material force and mind. He is of the opinion that nature (xing) is not consummate at birth, thus insisting the human beings should develop their nature. He opposes to the view of restoring nature to “its original state”. As a thinker in Qing Dynasty, Dai Zhen is quite different from other Song Ming thinkers in that Qing scholars persisted in “returning to Confucius and Mencius”. In this way, they could expound their own ideas by means of explaining Confucius’ and Mencius’ thought. On the basis of what has been achieved by Song Ming Confucians, Qing Confucian’s rationalistic way of thinking distinguishes them from the former, which is tantamount to creating something original. [Article in Chinese]

Assessment of Cortical Visual Impairment in Infants with Periventricular Leukomalacia: a Pilot Event-Related fMRI Study

Bing Yu,Qiyong Guo,Guoguang Fan,Na Liu 대한영상의학회 2011 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.12 No.4

Objective: We wanted to investigate the usefulness of event-related (ER) functional MRI (fMRI) for the assessment of cortical visual impairment in infants with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). Materials and Methods: FMRI data were collected from 24 infants who suffered from PVL and from 12 age-matched normal controls. Slow ER fMRI was performed using a 3.0T MR scanner while visual stimuli were being presented. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Parametric Mapping software (SPM2), the SPM toolbox MarsBar was used to analyze the region of interest data, and the time to peak (TTP) of hemodynamic response functions (HRFs) was estimated for the surviving voxels. The number of activated voxels and the TTP values of HRFs were compared. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to compare visual impairment evaluated by using Teller Acuity Cards (TAC) with the number of activated voxels in the occipital lobes in all patients. Results: In all 12 control infants, the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal was negative and the maximum response was located in the anterior and superior part of the calcarine fissure, and this might correspond to the anterior region of the primary visual cortex (PVC). In contrast, for the 24 cases of PVL, there were no activated pixels in the PVC in four subjects, small and weak activations in six subjects, deviated activations in seven subjects and both small and deviated activations in three subjects. The number of active voxels in the occipital lobe was significantly correlated with the TAC-evaluated visual impairment (p < 0.001). The mean TTP of the HRFs was significantly delayed in the cases of PVL as compared with that of the normal controls. Conclusion: Determining the characteristics of both the BOLD response and the ER fMRI activation may play an important role in the cortical visual assessment of infants with PVL. Objective: We wanted to investigate the usefulness of event-related (ER) functional MRI (fMRI) for the assessment of cortical visual impairment in infants with periventricular leukomalacia (PVL). Materials and Methods: FMRI data were collected from 24 infants who suffered from PVL and from 12 age-matched normal controls. Slow ER fMRI was performed using a 3.0T MR scanner while visual stimuli were being presented. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Parametric Mapping software (SPM2), the SPM toolbox MarsBar was used to analyze the region of interest data, and the time to peak (TTP) of hemodynamic response functions (HRFs) was estimated for the surviving voxels. The number of activated voxels and the TTP values of HRFs were compared. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to compare visual impairment evaluated by using Teller Acuity Cards (TAC) with the number of activated voxels in the occipital lobes in all patients. Results: In all 12 control infants, the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal was negative and the maximum response was located in the anterior and superior part of the calcarine fissure, and this might correspond to the anterior region of the primary visual cortex (PVC). In contrast, for the 24 cases of PVL, there were no activated pixels in the PVC in four subjects, small and weak activations in six subjects, deviated activations in seven subjects and both small and deviated activations in three subjects. The number of active voxels in the occipital lobe was significantly correlated with the TAC-evaluated visual impairment (p < 0.001). The mean TTP of the HRFs was significantly delayed in the cases of PVL as compared with that of the normal controls. Conclusion: Determining the characteristics of both the BOLD response and the ER fMRI activation may play an important role in the cortical visual assessment of infants with PVL.

Value and Clinical Application of Orthopedic Metal Artifact Reduction Algorithm in CT Scans after Orthopedic Metal Implantation

Yi Hu,Shinong Pan,Xudong Zhao,Wenli Guo,Ming He,Qiyong Guo 대한영상의학회 2017 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.18 No.3

Objective: To evaluate orthopedic metal artifact reduction algorithm (O-MAR) in CT orthopedic metal artifact reduction at different tube voltages, identify an appropriate low tube voltage for clinical practice, and investigate its clinical application. Materials and Methods: The institutional ethical committee approved all the animal procedures. A stainless-steel plate and four screws were implanted into the femurs of three Japanese white rabbits. Preoperative CT was performed at 120 kVp without O-MAR reconstruction, and postoperative CT was performed at 80–140 kVp with O-MAR. Muscular CT attenuation, artifact index (AI) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were compared between preoperative and postoperative images (unpaired t test), between paired O-MAR and non-O-MAR images (paired Student t test) and among different kVp settings (repeated measures ANOVA). Artifacts’ severity, muscular homogeneity, visibility of inter-muscular space and definition of bony structures were subjectively evaluated and compared (Wilcoxon rank-sum test). In the clinical study, 20 patients undertook CT scan at low kVp with O-MAR with informed consent. The diagnostic satisfaction of clinical images was subjectively assessed. Results: Animal experiments showed that the use of O-MAR resulted in accurate CT attenuation, lower AI, better SNR, and higher subjective scores (p < 0.010) at all tube voltages. O-MAR images at 100 kVp had almost the same AI and SNR as non-O-MAR images at 140 kVp. All O-MAR images were scored ≥ 3. In addition, 95% of clinical CT images performed at 100 kVp were considered satisfactory. Conclusion: O-MAR can effectively reduce orthopedic metal artifacts at different tube voltages, and facilitates low-tube-voltage CT for patients with orthopedic metal implants.