Nanoparticle-free, Fluorine-free, and Robust Superhydrophobic Cotton Fabric Fabricated Using a Combination of Etching Method and Mist Polymerization Technology

Qingbo Xu,Xinyu Wang,Wei Xu,Yanyan Zhang,Zhenzhen Xu 한국섬유공학회 2022 Fibers and polymers Vol.23 No.6

Immobilizing inorganic or organic particles on cotton fabric to increase the surface roughness, followed by coatingwith low surface reagents to reduce the surface energy, are the dominant strategies to prepare the superhydrophobic cottonsurface. However, the inorganic or organic particles can easily fall off the surface of the fabrics. Thus, the surface roughnessof the fabric could be reduced during the process, resulting in the poor durability of the superhydrophobic fabric. In this work,the surface of the cotton fabric was etched by cellulase. Following this, the treated fabric was grafted using a diblockcopolymer (poly[(methyl methacrylate)-b-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)] (PMMA-b-PDMAEMA)), which was synthesizedfollowing the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization process. The mist polymerizationtechnology was used for the process. The coatings successfully endowed the cotton fabric with superhydrophobic properties. The maximum WCA value recorded was 159.9 °. The treated fabric exhibited excellent mechanical and chemical stability. Moreover, the modified cotton sample also exhibited good self-cleaning effects in the presence of solid dust and liquidcontaminants. It also exhibited excellent oil-water separation properties. Therefore, the superhydrophobic fabric preparedusing a combination of the etching method and mist polymerization technology can find its potential application in home andindustrial areas.

Preparation of Durable Superhydrophobic Cotton Fabric for Selfcleaning and Oil-water Separation

Qingbo Xu,Xiating Ke,Yanyan Zhang,Peng Wang 한국섬유공학회 2022 Fibers and polymers Vol.23 No.6

Improving the surface roughness and reducing the surface energy are the main strategies for constructing cottonfabrics with superhydrophobic surface. However, the complex finishing process and poor durability still impede theproduction and application of superhydrophobic cotton fabrics. Therefore, it is critical to produce superhydrophobic fabricswith excellent durability via a noncomplicated method. In this work, monomers of methyl methacrylate (MMA) andtrifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFMA) were polymerized via free radical polymerization to produce a fluoropolymer. Then, thefabric was coated with the fluoropolymer to construct a superhydrophobic surface via the pad-dry-cure technology. TheTFMA unit in the fluoropolymer had lower surface energy than the MMA unit. Under the high-temperature curing condition,the MMA unit in the fluoropolymer was grafted onto the cotton fabric via transesterification, and the TFMA was exposed onthe fabric surface. The finished fabric showed durable superhydrophobic properties, outstanding oil-water separationproperties, and excellent self-cleaning properties. Given the results, the finished fabric has great potential application inclothing and industrial fields.

Durable Antibacterial and UV Protective Properties of Cotton Fabric Coated with Carboxymethyl Chitosan and Ag/TiO2 Composite Nanoparticles

Qingbo Xu,Peng Wang,Yanyan Zhang,Changlong Li 한국섬유공학회 2022 Fibers and polymers Vol.23 No.2

Immobilizing inorganic particles such as zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs)or grafting special biopolymer such as chitosan on cotton fabrics is the main method to prepare antibacterial and ultraviolet(UV) protective cotton fabrics. However, poor durability and complex finishing methods are still of the main defects ofantibacterial and UV protective fabric samples. In the present work, the Ag/TiO2 colloid solution was prepared with using thecarboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) as a stabilizer, then the CMC and Ag/TiO2 composite nanoparticles were coated on the fabricvia finishing technology of pad-dry-cure. As a result, the modified fabric showed excellent antibacterial and UV protectiveproperties, with the values of bacterial reduction (BR) and ultraviolet protection factor were reached at 99.5 % and 79.0,respectively. Moreover, even after 50 washing cycles, these properties of the finished fabrics were not obviously reduced. These results demonstrated that the finished fabric sample has durable antibacterial and UV protective properties which couldhas a great potential application in the field of medical and outdoor apparel.

Durable Antibacterial and Antifouling Cotton Fabric Fabricated Using a Combination of Grafting Through Method and Mist Polymerization Technology

Qingbo Xu,Lili Ying,Xinyu Wang,Yanyan Zhang,Peng Wang 한국섬유공학회 2022 Fibers and polymers Vol.23 No.4

Cotton fabric is easy to breed bacteria due to its porous structure and easy wettability, resulting in poor quality ofcotton fabric and harm to human health. In order to prepare antibacterial and antifouling cotton fabric, the present workdeveloped a new strategy. The acryloyl chloride (AC) was covalently linked to the surface of cotton fabric by nucleophilicsubstitution reaction, leading the surface of fabric to have the C=C bonds. Then, the C=C bonds on the treated fabric surfacewere polymerized with the allyltrimethylammonium chloride (ATAC) via mist polymerization technology, thus making thepoly(allyltrimethylammonium chloride) (PTAC) was grafted onto the cotton fabric via grafting through method. As a result,the finished fabric showed excellent antibacterial effect against E. coli and S. aureus, with the bacterial reduction (BR) rateswere higher than 99.0 %. Moreover, even after 50 laundering cycles, the BR rates of treated fabric against E. coli and S. aureus were also remained 95.8 %, exhibiting excellent durability. The finished cotton fabric was also showed outstandingantifouling for both bacterial and protein. The antibacterial and antifouling cotton fabric prepared by mist polymerizationtechnology and grafting through method has a great potential application in the household and consumer textiles.

Fabrication of Durably Superhydrophobic Cotton Fabrics by Polystyrene Latex Particles and Polydimethylsiloxane via Mist Polymerization Technology

Qingbo Xu,Xinyu Wang,Lili Yin,Yanyan Zhang,Peng Wan 한국섬유공학회 2022 Fibers and polymers Vol.23 No.6

In this work, the durable superhydrophobic cotton fabric was successfully constructed by coated with polystyrene(PS) latex particles and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) via mist polymerization finishing technology. As a result, the watercontact angle (WCA) of the finished fabric was arrived at 158.1 °, reaching the superhydrophobic level. Even the finishedfabric after withstand 1400 abrasion cycles or 50 washing cycles, the WCA values of treated fabric were also higher than154.0 °, exhibiting excellent mechanical durability. In addition, the superhydrophobic surface of finished fabric was alsoshowed outstanding chemical durability. The finished fabric with such excellent superhydrophobic properties was showedgood oil-water separation properties, the separation efficiency (η) values of the SCF-2 sample as a filter material forchloroform/water and n-hexane/water mixtures were reached 99.6% and 99.1 %, respectively. Moreover, even the SCF-2sample after withstand 50 separation cycles for mixtures, the η values were not obviously reduced. The finished fabric wasalso showed outstanding self-cleaning properties. More interesting that the desired properties of finished fabric were notobviously reduced after the finishing process. Therefore, in consideration of its amazing performances, it is expected that thefinished fabric can be used as a promising material for self-cleaning, oil-water separation, and other potential applicationareas.

Durably Superhydrophobic Cotton Fabric Constructed by Silica Particles and Polydimethylsiloxane via “Mosaic Mode” for Self-Cleaning and Oil–Water Separation

Qingbo Xu,Xinyu Wang,Jing Zhou,Peng Wang,Yanyan Zhang,Qian Chen 한국섬유공학회 2023 Fibers and polymers Vol.24 No.1

Improving the surface roughness of cotton fabric is one of the main strategies to prepare superhydrophobic cotton fabric. To improve the surface roughness of fabric, it is advisable to immobilize inorganic/organic particles on the surface of cottonfabric. However, the durability of the superhydrophobic cotton fabric is very poor due to the inorganic/organic particlesare easily detachable from the fabric surface. In this work, a mild eutectic solvent prepared by choline chloride and oxalicacid was used to etch the cotton fabric, making the surface of the cotton fabric have many ravines. These ravines on the cottonfabric can be used the embedded the silica particles, thus making the silica particles firmly immobilized on the cottonfibers. Then, the treated cotton fabric was coated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). As a result, the water contact angleof the finished fabric was reached at 156.9°. In addition, the superhydrophobic cotton fabric constructed by silica particlesand PDMS via “Mosaic Mode” showed excellent mechanical and chemical stability. Therefore, the finished fabric has greatpotential application in the self-cleaning and oil–water separation fields.

Preparation of Copper Nanoparticles Coated Cotton Fabrics with Durable Antibacterial Properties

Qingbo Xu,Xiating Ke,Naiqin Ge,Liwen Shen,Yanyan Zhang,Feiya Fu,Xiangdong Liu 한국섬유공학회 2018 Fibers and polymers Vol.19 No.5

When copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) were applied as an antimicrobial agent to finish cotton fabrics, there are two issues should be solved: the oxidization and the weak adsorbability onto cotton fiber surface. In the present work, we developed a new method that can achieve both immobilization and protection of the Cu NPs at the same time. As an effective binder, thioglycolic acid (TGA) was covalently linked to cotton fiber surface via an esterification with the hydroxyl groups of cellulose, then Cu NPs were introduced on the fabric surface in the presence of a protective reagent, citric acid. Due to the doubled stabilization acts of TGA and citric acid, the Cu NPs immobilized on the fabric surface showed an excellent antibacterial effect and outstanding laundering durability. Even after 50 consecutive laundering tests, the modified cotton fabrics still showed satisfactory antibacterial ability against both S. aureus and E. coli, which the bacterial reduction rates are all higher than 96 %. It is believed that this methodology has potential applications in a wide variety of textile productions such as sportswear, socks, and medical textiles.

Facile Fabrication of Durable Antibacterial Cotton Fabric Realized by Thioglycolic Acid and Silver Nanoparticles

Qingbo Xu,Xiating Ke,Yanyan Zhang,Feiya Fu,Xiangdong Liu 한국섬유공학회 2018 Fibers and polymers Vol.19 No.11

In this study, durable antibacterial cotton fabrics were prepared by a simple two-step impregnation method. Firstly, thioglycolic acid (TGA) was grafted onto cotton fabric via esterification with the hydroxyl groups of cellulose, then silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were immobilized on the cotton fabric surface via coordination bonds with the TGA thiol groups. As a result, the mean size of Ag NPs coating on the cotton fabric is around 74 nm, and these functionalized cotton fabrics show superior antibacterial properties and excellent laundering durability. After withstand 50 laundering cycles, the obtained cotton fabrics still showed outstanding bacterial reduction rates (BR) against both S. aureus and E. coli, and the rates are all higher than 97 %. Therefore, this method to prepare antibacterial cotton fabric shows great potential applications in socks, cosmetic, and medical textiles.

Double Protect Copper Nanoparticles Loaded on L-cysteine Modified Cotton Fabric with Durable Antibacterial Properties

Qingbo Xu,Panpan Duan,Yanyan Zhang,Feiya Fu,Xiangdong Liu 한국섬유공학회 2018 Fibers and polymers Vol.19 No.11

In this work, we developed a new method that can achieve immobilization and protection of the Cu NPs coating on the cotton fabrics by a simple two-step impregnation method. Firstly, L-cysteine (Cys) was grafted onto cotton fabric via esterification with the hydroxyl groups of cellulose, then Cu NPs were introduced on the fabric surface in the presence of a protective reagent, citric acid. Due to the doubled stabilization acts of Cys and citric acid, the Cu NPs immobilized on the fabric surface showed an excellent antibacterial effect and outstanding laundering durability. As a result, the mean size of the Cu NPs coating on the cotton fabric is about 62.4 nm, and the modified cotton fabrics showed satisfactory antibacterial ability against both S. aureus and E. coli, which the bacterial reduction rates are all higher than 98 % even withstand 50 washing cycles. Therefore, this method to prepare antibacterial cotton fabrics showed great potential applications in socks, cosmetic, and medical textiles.

The effect of washing parameters on the quantity of dye discharge from clothes

Xu Zhao,Ming Xiong,Li Jiang,Qingbo Yang,Cunling Zhou,Jianli Liu 한국의류학회 2022 Fashion and Textiles Vol.9 No.1

In this paper, the efect of washing parameters on the quantity of dye discharge from fabric dyed in highly saturated color (FSC) was discussed. Firstly, the FSC was prepared with reactive red 195 to represent the dark clothes. Secondly, the efect of the washing parameters, including washing time, washing temperature, washing water volume, the weight of FSC, and the dosage of detergent, on dye discharge was analyzed through the single factor test. Thirdly, the mathematical relationship between the quantity of dye discharge (DDQ) and the four washing parameters was discussed through the center combination experiment and response surface method. And a quadratic model was built to predict the quantity of dye discharge when the FSC were washed with diferent washing parameters. The experimental results indicated that the quantity of dye discharge was afected by the four selected washing parameters and the optimal washing parameters to reduce the quantity of dye discharge can be deduced from the quadratic model. The optimized parameters efectively reduced 0.99 mg dye discharge per liter, and the DDQ reduction rate was up to 53.5%.