노걸대(老乞大)와 그 언해서(諺解書)의 이본(異本)

안병희 ( Pyong Hi Ahn ) 서울대학교 인문학연구원 1996 人文論叢 Vol.35 No.-

Nogoldae (老?大), namely Laoch``ita was the most basic textbook used at the Bureau of Interpreters of Foreign Language in the Choson Dynasty. Therefore Nogoldae, and its Korean translation, Nogldae Onhae(老?大諺解) have respectively many different versions. The purpose of this paper is to research these different versions. The oldest version of Nogoldae existing is the wood-cut reprint of Kabin-ja(movable types minted in 1434). Through the frame of version, this may have been published in the beginning of sixteenth century There are two different wood-cut editions which were from the same text in the late sixteenth century or in the early seventeenth century. These three editions respectively have wood-cut editions consisting of one volume. There is a wood-cut edition consisting of two volumes published in 1703. However its text is not different from other editions. There exist two editions; one is Nogoldae Sink(老?大新?), revised version of text in 1763, and the other is Chunggan Nogoldae (重刊老?大) which was re-revised version of text, published in 1795. This is the last edition of Nogldae. Among Korean translations of Nogoldae, Ponyok Nogoldae is the oldest edition. It may have been published in the middle of sixteenth century It is a wood-cut reprint of the Uhae-ja(movable types minted in 1445) edition and was translated by Ch``oe Se-jin(崔世珍) in the 1610``s. The second oldest edition we have is the Musin-ja(movable types minted in 1668) edition. The translation of this version is different from Ulhae-ja edition. The third translated edition which was published at Pyong``yang in 1745 has the modified transcription of Chinese pronunciation from the Musin-ja edition. The fourth and fifth of translations of Nogoldae respectively were published as a translations of Nogoldae Sinsk in 1763 and Chunggan Nogoldae in 1795. Their translations and transcriptions of Chinese pronunciation were different from the previous editions. The translated editions consist of two volumes, however, only the fourth edition consists of three volumes.

洪景來亂과 定州城圖

李丙燾(Yi Pyong-do) 백산학회 1967 白山學報 Vol.- No.3

On December 18, 1811, in the eleventh year of King Sunjo(純祖), Hong Kyŏng-Re rose in rebellion, discontented mainly with political corruption wrought by the Kim(金) family of Andong(安東) then in power and with discriminative treatment given to people of the Pyong’an(平安) Province for generations. In several days, the rebellion spread rapidly in the neighboring localities as many of the officials and government slaves in each Up(邑) (town) joined up. But Hong’s army was fatally defeated in the battle of Songrim-ri(松林里), Bakch’ŏn(博川), which was its first contact with the government army, during a river-crossing operation. Beaten in this battle, Hong’s army attempted to inspirit itself anew with base at the Chŏng-ju Castle, which was an important fortress north of the Ch’ŏngch’ŏn(淸州) River. Completely besieged by the government army and isolated, Hong’s army held on for four months in the castle, which was its last base, thanks largely to its terrain. Only about 13 ri(里) in circumference, the Chŏng-ju Castle was so impregnable as to neutralize the repeated offensives launched by the government and volunteer forces, which were far superior to Hong’s army in men and equipment. The castle was covered by high mountains to the north, and below its east and west walls on mountain ridges flowed two big rivers, one from the northeast and the other from the northwest, that joined in the southeast of the castle. From the castle, furthermore, a wide road led to Kusŏng(龜城) and Tech’ŏn(泰川) in the northeast, another to Unhŭngkwan(雲興館) in Kwaksan(郭山) in the northwest, another to the Up of Kwaksan in the southwest, and a broad road to Seoul in the southeast. The government army, supported by volunteers, could bring about the fall of the castle by mere siege of it in view of limited provisions and arms in the castle, but prestige compelled them to bring Hong to immediate surrender. Finally, the government army captured the castle successfully on April 19, 1812, by employing the tactics of digging a tunnel under the northeast wall of the castle and blowing it up with explosive. Thus, the Chŏngju Castle reminds us of Hong’s Rebellion, and vice versa. A few years ago, by the way, an antique map of the Chongju Castle came into the writer’s possession. Finding that the map was of Hong’s Rebellion, the writer was overjoyed indeed. As a map of siege or troop disposition apparently used by the government army, which laid siege to the castle on all corners, it is considered a valuable material for study of Hong’s Rebellion. A relatively detailed map in bird’s eye view, made with rice paper, it is ninety centimeters long and seventy-seven centimeters wide. With the Chongju Castle in a scalene triangle, showing gates, lookouts, castle walls, sluice gates, and so on in the center, the map depicts the surrounding mountain terrain, currents (in dotted lines), roads, bridges, fields and paddies, villages, official houses, etc. outside the castle, including the fences installed by the government army and the disposition of soldiers at the headquarters and camps with their numbers. The date and drawer of the map is unknown, but its antiquity is proof that it was either drawn at the operations center then or copied immediately thereafter. As for the date, Bang U-chŏng’s(方禹鼎) Chinjung-Ilki(陣中日記) (Diary at the Front) gives a clue: The passage for March 21, 1812 in the diary records the total number of troops as 8,355 men, which coincides with that written on the map. At any rate, it is beyond question that the map is an invaluable reference material for study of Hong’s Rebellion. Its only flaw regrettably is that it has no representation of the activities of Hong’s Army.

가야금산조의 꼼꼼한 안내서 : 『 김병호류 가야금산조 』

황병주 한국음악사학회 1996 한국음악사학보 Vol.17 No.1

老乞大와 그 諺解書의 異本

安秉禧 서울大學校 人文學硏究所 1996 人文論叢 Vol.35 No.-

〈Abstract〉Nogoldae(老乞大), namely Laoch'ita was the most basic textbook used at the Bureau of Interpretera of Foreign Language in the Choson Dynasty. Therefore Nogoldae, and its Korean translation, Nogoldae Onhae(老乞大諺解) have respectively many different versions. The purpose of this paper is to research these different versions.The oldest version of Nogoldae existing is the wood-cut reprint of Kabin-ja(movable types minted in 1434). Through the frame of version, this may have been pubished in the beginning of sixteenth century. There are two different wood-cut editions which were from the same text in the late sixteenth century or in the early seventeenth century. These three editions respectively have wood-cut editions consisting of one volume. There is a wood-cut edition consisting of two volumes published in 1703. However its text is not different from other editions. there exist two editions; one is Nogoldae Sinsok(老乞大新釋), revised version of text in 1763, and the other is Chunggan Nogoldae(重刊老乞大) which was re-revised version of text, published in 1795. This is the last edition of Nogoldae.Among Korean translations of Nogoldae, Ponyok Nogoldae is the oldtion edition. It may have been published in the middle of sixteenth century. It is a wood-cut reprint of the Uhae-ja(movable types minted in 1445) edition and was translated by Ch'oe Se-jin(崔世珍) in the 1610's. The second oldest edition we have is the Musin-ja(movable types minted in 1668) edition. The translation of this version is different from Ulhae-ja edition. The third translated edition which was published at Pyong'yang in 1745 has the modified transcription of Chinese pronunciation from the Musin-ja edition. The fourth and fifth of translations of Nogoldae respectively were published as a translations of Nogoldae Sinsok in 1763 and Chunggan Nogoldae in 1795. Their translations and transcriptions of Chinese pronunciation were different from the previous editions. The translated editions consist of two volumes, however, only the fourth edition consists of three volumes.

공직사회 구성원들의 근로시간 단축에 따른 여가활동 실태 변화 연구

곽한병,안병훈 京機大學校 2006 論文集 Vol.50 No.-

This research has twfold purpose: Firstly we are going to investigate what changes government officals have undergone with their leisure activities after their working time reduced to five days from Monday thru Friday on July 1, 2005. Secondly we are going to suggest an alternative idea. For the empirical analysis, about 200 administrative officials who work for Song-Pa Gu office in Seoul were asked to reply to the survey, analysed by simple random sampling. The research shows some meaningful results. First of all, it shows that officials' recognition about leisure activity is very positive. Generally, regardless of their different background, we find that positive changes appear concerning leisure activity according to the five-day work system. Secondly, among various types of leisure activities the leisure for relaxationshows the most increase, followed by traveling, watching TV. listening to tile radio, and then watching a play or a movie. Thirdly, the degree of participation in the leisure activity proved to have a meaningfully negative affect on the job stress. This implies that more active participation in leisure activity made job stress decrease after introduction of five- day work system. fourthly, the degree of participation in the leisure activity proved to have a meaningfully positive affect on the satisfaction with job. This result implies that more active participation in leisure activities made the satisfaction with job Increase after introduction of five-day work system. In conclusion, officials' positive leisure activities have a great influence on their working ability. Therefore, we will have to make effort to provide adequate leisure infrastructure for work places, as well communities.

漢江의 水鳥類調査

元炳旿,朴眞永,金恩英,金和貞 경희대학교 한국조류연구소 1993 연구보고 Vol.4 No.-

1. 1989년부터 1992년까지 동계에 한강의 서울수계에서 관찰한 조류는 총 39종, 최대 개체수는 27,615개체이며, 우점종은 흰죽지이다. 2. 1993년 2월부터 4월까지 한강하류에서 관찰한 조류는 총 38종, 최대개체수는 110,989개체이다. 최우점종은 흰죽지이며, 청둥오리, 고방오리 및 큰기러기의 순이었다. 3. 1992년 3월부터 5월까지 밤섬에서 관찰한 조류는 38종, 최대 개체수는 2,327개체이다. 최우점종은 청둥오리이며, 흰뺨검둥오리, 쇠오리 및 비오리의 순이었다. 4. 밤섬의 번식조류는 흰뺨검둥오리, 청둥오리 및 깝작도요이며, 꼬마물떼새와 쇠제비갈매기는 번식장소의 감소로 크게 줄어들었다. 5. 조류의 번식기간인 4~7월과 월동기간인 12~2월에는 밤섬의 출입을 엄격히 통제해야 하며, 인공 자갈못의 조성, 인공 새집의 가설, 먹이 공급 등을 통한 장기적인 보호 방안이 필요하다. 6. 행주대교에서 최근에 세워진 오두산통일전망대까지 약 25㎞에 이르는 한강하류지역은 재두루미, 개리, 큰기러기, 쇠기러기 및 말똥가리류, 수리류, 개구리매류 등 맹금류를 포함하는 10만마리 이상의 대집단이 도래하는 지역이다. 따라서 현재 천연기념물지역으로 지정된 한강하구지역은 수금류의 보호를 위해 위에 언급한 지역을 포함하여 확대지정하여야만 한다. 1. A total of 39 species with a maximum individual number of 27,615 of waterbirds was observed on the Han River in Seoul during the winter periods of 1982-1992, among which the most dominant species was Aythya ferina. 2. A maximum count of 110,989 individuals of 38 species were recorded from February to April 1993 on Han River estuary. The most dominant species was Aythya ferina followed by Anas platyrhynchos, A. acuta and Anser fabalis. 3. A maximum count of 2,327 individuals of 38 species were made during the bird census on Pam Islet, among which the most dominant species was Anas platyrhynchos followed by A. poecilorhyncha, A. crecca and Mergus merganser. 4. The species of birds breeding on Pam Islet were Anas platyrhynchos, A. poecilorhyncha and Tringa hypoleucos. The number of Charadrius dubius and Sterna albifrons was greatly declined due to the decrease of their breeding sites. 5. People coming to Pam Islet should be restricted during the breeding season from April to June and the wintering season from December to February. Long-term protection measures, such as artificial gravel pits and nests, and feed, are necessary for the waterbirds inhabiting this islet. 6. The downstream of the Han River stretching about 25㎞ from Haengju Bridge to the Han River estuary, where the unification observatory has recently been erected, becomes the wintering site of more than 100,000 waterfowl including rare spcies such as White-naped crane, Swan goose, Bean goose, White-fronted goose; and birds of prey such as buzzards, eagles, and harriers. Therefore, the present natural monument of the Han River estuary should be expanded by legislation to include the downstream of the Han River mentioned above for the protection of waterfowl.

九窟島 바다제비 Oceanodroma monorhis (Swinhoe)의 繁殖經過

元炳旿,李漢洙 慶熙大學校 1986 論文集 Vol.15 No.-

The reproductive success of Swinhoe's fork-tailed Petrel Oceanodroma monorhis(Swinhoe) was studied from late March to late September 1986 on Kugul Islet, natural monument No 341. an ocean bird-breeding site in Sinan-kun. Oho˘lla South Province (34˚04'N. 125˚7'E). 1. Kugl Islet in 135,200㎡, in which the area having Carer boottiana is 31,000㎡, the scrubland is 8,600㎡, the area having Artemisia scoparia and Miscanthus sinensis is 3,500㎡, and the rest is covered with rocks exposed. 2. The breeding density per quardrat (4m×5m)of Swinhoe's fork-tailed Petrel in the area having Carex boottiana was average 60.8±11.0 pairs (n=5) and in the rest of the areas of scrubland and Artemisia scoparia and Miscanthus sinensis was average 30.1±5.2 pairs (n=8). Thus, the area having Carer boottiana had average 30.7 pairs of Swinhoe's fork-tailed Petrel per quardrat more than the rest of the areas of scrubland and Artemisia scoparia and Miscanthus sinensis, and the density was significantly high in the former area (P<0.005) 3. The total number of Swinhoe's fork-tailed Petrel was estimated to be 112,600±15,030 pairs in 95% confidence limits. 4. The average measurements of Swinhoe's fork-tailed Petrel breeding on Kugul Islet were bill length 14.38±0.58㎜ (n=94), tarsus length 24.18±0.86㎜(n=94), wing length 156.8±4.67㎜(n=94), tail length 78.21±3.82㎜(n=94), and body weight 48.5±4.31g(n=93). 5. When incubating, male and female Swinhoe's fork-tailed Petrel parents regularly took turns, and the length of their incubation at a time was averaged 4.17±0.86 days(n=18). 6. The measurements of the egg were length 32.56±0.93㎜(n=17), width 24.52±0.58㎜(n=17) and weight 10.23±0.64g(n=16). 7. The food of Swinhoe's fork-tailed Petrel nestling was composed of fishes 52.6%, squids 31.5% and shrimps 10.1%. 8. Through sonogram analysis three different calls were distinguished; the call of warning, the call made when mating and flying, and the call made while taking rest. The formant frequency of the first two calls was 4 K㎐, and that of the third call was 2 K㎐. Each of the three calls was below 6 K㎐. 9. As for the daily activity of Swinhoe's fork-tailed Petrel, there was no difference in July between moonlight hours and dark hours, but in August their activity after the moonset considerably increased. However, their activity immediately after the storm on the 19th of August was remarkably decreased.

명사의 특정성; 그 인지적 조건과 문법적 형식

원병관,권병철 도립 강원전문대학 2000 道立 江原專門大學 論文集 Vol.3 No.-

The usage of a definite article or an indefinite article has remained unsettled and vague not only in the hands of linguists but also in the field of English teaching as a second language. The aim in this article is to provide a more concrete and principled explanation to the definiteness of noun and the aspects of its grammatical realization. This desirable purpose starts from the cognitive concepts of 'uniqueness' and 'identifiability' of a particular referent in the minds of speech participants to see under what conditions the definite article or indefinite article can be entitled to be used for the noun concerned. It is well known that articles in English plays a functional role of referential indices to the noun they attached. In an attempt to examine the cognitive condition according to which article system will be elucidated in a more simple and exhaustive way, we take into consideration the correlations between the cognitive category of identifiability and uniqueness of referent and its grammatical category of definite and indefinite article. What is worth notifying in this article is that definiteness of noun is affirmed by way of various routes. Among them, explicit or logical uniqueness, inferential uniqueness, and representative uniqueness was the primary factors that allow the use of the definite article. Though there still remains much problems to be resolved, this article will serve as a more generalized and decisive account for the definiteness of the noun and its grammatical realization in virtue of these uniqueness conditions.

러시아 南沿海州地域의 鳥類

元炳旿,李漢洙,朴眞永 경희대학교 한국조류연구소 1993 연구보고 Vol.4 No.-

본 논문은 1991년 6월 9일부터 1991년 7월 3일까지 러시아 연해주남부지역의 조류를 관찰한 결과를 종합한 것이다. 1. 본 조사를 통해 관찰된 조류는 총 106종 24,047개체이다. 2. 조사지역은 뻬레왈마을과 주변의 습지, 비낀강, 알찬강, 끄라스늬 야르, 한까호 및 까라뜨지나 자연보호지구 등지이다. 3. 뻬레호늬 뻬레왈 마을지역에서는 총 49종 296개체를 관찰하였으며, 우점종은 북방쇠찌르레기(Sturnus sturninus), 귀제비(Hirundo daurica) 및 바늘꼬리칼새(Chaetura caudacuta)등이다. 뻬레호늬 뻬레왈 습지지역에서는 총 32종 151개체를 관찰하였으며, 우점종은 붉은뺨멧새(Emberiza fucata), 큰부리까마귀(Corvus macrorhynchos) 및 검은딱새(Saxicola torquata) 등이다. 알찬강 지역에서는 총 31종 158개체를 관찰하였으며, 우점종은 청둥오리(Anas platyrhynchos), 깝작도요(Tringa hypoleucos) 및 큰부리까마귀(Corvus macrorhynchos) 등이다. 끄라스늬 야르지역에서는 총 28종 162개체를 관찰하였으며, 우점종은 북방쇠찌르레기(Sturnus sturninus)와 큰부리까마귀(Corvus macrorhynchos)등이다. 비낀강 지역에서는 총 33종 198개체를 관찰하였으며, 우점종은 호사비오리(Mergus squamatus), 찌르레기(Sturunus cineraceus) 및 파랑새(Eurystomus orientalis) 등이다. 한까호지역에서 관찰된 조류는 총 31종 951개체였으며, 우점종은 붉은부리갈매기(Larus ridibundus)와 흰죽지갈매기(Sterna leucoptera)이다. 까라뜨지나 자연보호지구에서는 총 12종 22,038개체를 관찰하였으며, 우점종은 팽이갈매기(Larus crassirostris)와 바다오리(Uria aalge)이다. 4. 비낀강 주변의 습지지역은 절종위기에 처한 조류의 번식지로서 매우 중요한 지역이며 국제적으로도 중요성을 지니는 지역이다. 따라서, 이 지역은 하루 속히 자연보호지구로 지정하여 영구보존관리토록 노력하여야 할 것이다. A birding trip to Primorskii region, Russia, was made from June 9 to July 3, 1991. The results of the birding trip are as follows: 1. A total of 24,047 individuals of 106 species was recorded. 2. The survey covered 7 major areas-Perebnui Pereval Village, Perebnui Pereval Wetland, Bikin River, Alchan River, Krasnii Yar, Khanka Lake and Karatzina National Reserve. 3. In Perebnui Pereval Village, a total of 296 individuals of 49 species was sighted, among which dominant species were Sturnus sturninus, Hirundo daurica and Chaetura caudacuta. In Perebnui Pereval Wetland, a total of 151 individuals of 32 species was sighted, among which dominant species were Emberiza fucata, Corvus macrorhynchos and Saxicola torquata. On the Alchan River, a total of 158 individuals of 31 species was sighted, among which dominant species were Anas platyrhynchos, Tringa hypoleucos and Corvus macrorhynchos. In Krasnii Yar, a total of 162 individuals of 28 species was sighted, among which dominant species were Sturnus sturninus and Corvus macrorhynchos. On the Bikin River, a total of 198 individuals of 33 species was sighted, among which dominant species were Mergus squamatus, Sturunus cineraceus and Eurystomus orientalis. On the Khanka Lake, a total of 951 individuals of 31 species was sighted, among which dominant species were Larus ridibundus and Sterna leucoptera. In Karatzina National Reserve, a total of 22,038 individuals of 12 species was sighted, among which dominant species were Larus crassirostris and Uria aalge. 4. The marsh areas around the Bikin River are internationally important wetlands supporting many endangered, species such as Mergus squamatus, Ciconia boyciana, Grus monacha, Porzana paykullii, Porzana pusilla, Turnix tanki, etc. Therefore, this area should be designated as a nature reserve and preserved for effective, continuous protection and management.

멀티미디어를 이용한 영어교육

원병관,권병철 도립 강원전문대학 2000 道立 江原專門大學 論文集 Vol.3 No.-

In the era of globalization and telecommunication via high technology of multimedia industry. It is imperative to apply multimedia technology to English education as we have moved in to the age of information. Majority of Korean teachers now are not comfortable with multimedia use but it will eventually enhance teaching and loaming capability. When we consider students increased interest in the Internet at most schools, it seems practical for EFL teachers to actually use Internet resources in EFL learning as CALL(Computer Assisted Language Loaming) and multimedia courseware programs develop in a rapid speed. This paper is an attempt to increase the communicative competence of our students through the multimedia English education by using authentic resources such as Internet, CD-ROM Title and courseware programs, and also look into how the multimedia approach can satisfy Krashen's theory of second language acquisition(1982), the most coherent and comprehensive theory of language acquisition. As language teaching activities based on an assumed definition of language, the audio-lingual method is based on a very limited and mechanical conception of language, but Chomsky's generative theory(1959) claims that language is rule-governed creativity in which the language user uses rules to create meaningful utterances to communicate. Krashen has put an emphasis on lowering the affective filter of the student by providing anxiety-free situation for language acquisition. Most convincing and valid theories have yielded communicative teaching approach by which subconscious acquisition and meaningful practice are focused. It is desirable that various types or kinds of courseware programs related to the English education have been developed and used in the multimedia English class of our country, and the further study about this field is required.