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Jana Essing,Ewgeni Jakubovski,Nikolas Psathakis,Sinan N Cevirme,James F Leckman,Kirsten R Müller-Vahl 대한파킨슨병및이상운동질환학회 2022 Journal Of Movement Disorders Vol.15 No.1
In patients with Tourette syndrome and other primary tic disorders (PTDs), tics are typically preceded by premonitory urges (PUs). To date, only a few studies have investigated the location and frequency of PUs, and contrary to clinical experience, the results suggest that PUs are not located in the same anatomic region as the tics. This study aimed to further explore PU location and frequency in detail, differentiating the kind and complexity of the corresponding tics, in a large sample of patients with PTD.
Sugawa, Fumihiro,Araú,zo-Bravo, Marcos J,Yoon, Juyong,Kim, Kee-Pyo,Aramaki, Shinya,Wu, Guangming,Stehling, Martin,Psathaki, Olympia E,Hü,bner, Karin,Schö,ler, Hans R BlackWell Publishing Ltd 2015 The EMBO journal Vol.34 No.8
<P>Primordial germ cells (PGCs) develop only into sperm and oocytes <I>in vivo</I>. The molecular mechanisms underlying human PGC specification are poorly understood due to inaccessibility of cell materials and lack of <I>in vitro</I> models for tracking the earliest stages of germ cell development. Here, we describe a defined and stepwise differentiation system for inducing pre-migratory PGC-like cells (PGCLCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). In response to cytokines, PSCs differentiate first into a heterogeneous mesoderm-like cell population and then into PGCLCs, which exhibit minimal PRDM14 expression. PGC specification in humans is similar to the murine process, with the sequential activation of mesodermal and PGC genes, and the suppression of neural induction and of <I>de novo</I> DNA methylation, suggesting that human PGC formation is induced via epigenesis, the process of germ cell specification via inductive signals from surrounding somatic cells. This study demonstrates that PGC commitment in humans shares key features with that of the mouse, but also highlights key differences, including transcriptional regulation during the early stage of human PGC development (3–6 weeks). A more comprehensive understanding of human germ cell development may lead to methodology for successfully generating PSC-derived gametes for reproductive medicine.</P>