A compiler generator for semantic grammars

Paulson, Lawrence Charles UMI 1982 국내박사

Quantity food production text and cognitive evaluation device development

Paulson, Don Morgan Iowa State University 1993 해외박사

Properties of DNA-based optical materials and hybrid optical fiber devices

Paulson, Bjorn Rolf Graduate School, Yonsei University 2018 국내박사

바이오 포토닉스 분야의 새로운 임상 기술과 치료법의 개발을 위해서는 새로운 광학 소재, 소자 및 응용이 필요하다. 특히 광학 폴리머는 높은 열광학 계수, 광학적 비선형성을 가지며 가시광선 및 근적외선에서 높은 투과성을 보이기 때문에 바이오 포토닉스 분야에 응용 가치가 크다. 연어알에서 정화된 천연 디옥시리보 핵산 (DNA)은 대량 생산이 가능하고 무독성이며 빠르게 생분해된다. 이 DNA는 능동 광학 소자 개발에 사용하거나 도파관 개발에 필요한 굴절률 조절에 이용되는 광학 염료의 결합에 적합한 물질이다. 또한 고분자의 높은 열광학 계수로 인해 고감도 온도 센서 개발에도 용이하다. 이는 전자기 간섭이 많은 의료 환경에 동작할 수 있는 저비용 온도 감지 기기를 쉽게 개발할 수 있도록 한다. 본 논문의 첫 번째 부분은 리보플라빈이라고도 알려진 비타민 B2가 도핑된 DNA 기반 광학 재료의 특성에 초점을 맞추고 있으며, 이 재료는 광학 활성 뿐만 아니라 폴리머 굴절률을 제어할 수 있기 때문에 생분해성 광학 센서 및 광치료기에 적용될 가능성이 크다. 특히 Kramers-Kronig 관계식에 의해 DNA 호스트에 흡수성 광학 염료를 도핑하면 굴절률을 조절할 수 있다. DNA의 굴절률을 변화시키는 요인은 실험적으로 세심하게 조절되며, DNA 스핀 코팅을 통해 18 ~ 100 nm 두께의 필름을 증착한다. 그리고 분광타원편광분석(spectroscopic ellipsometry)를 통해 굴절률은 두께가 증가함에 따라 한계까지 감소하는 것으로 확인되었으며, 그 한계 이상에서는 벌크 굴절률을 근사한다. DNA-리보플라빈의 박막은 매우 일정한 두께로 형성이 된다. 또한 관찰 농도에서 프리즘 최소 편향각, 투과 및 형광 분광법 실험은 리보플라빈과 DNA가 용액 내에서 결합을 유도하지는 않지만 필름 형성 중에 고정되어 있음을 시사한다. 리보플라빈이 증가함에 따라, 필름 굴절률은 500에서 900nm의 스펙트럼 범위에서 모든 DNA 광도파관에 적합한 지수 차이 Δn ≥ 0.015까지 일관되게 증가했다. 가변각 분광타원편광분석이 물질 흡수에 의해 복잡해졌기 때문에 부트스트래핑 방법을 사용하여 막 두께를 유도한 후, 투과 스펙트럼으로부터 광진동기 피크를 초기 분광타원편광분석 모델에 사용하였다. 그리고 측정 오류를 줄일 수 있는 멀티 피팅 방법과 Kramers-Kronig 관계식을 이용하여 다중 진동기 모델에서 구한 굴절률 분산을 근사하였다. DNA와 DNA-리보플라빈 박막의 열광학 계수는 고정각 분광타원편광분석에 의해 각각 -5.3×10-4°C-1 및 -3.2×10-4°C-1로 측정되었다. 첫 가열 주기 후에 굴절률의 온도 반응은 선형적이었다. 그리고 높은 열광학 계수는 이 폴리머를 생분해성 온도 센서에 응용하게 하며 또한 리보플라빈 결합에 의한 DNA 필름의 열적 안정화에 기여한다. 다시 말해 DNA 바이오센서와 광치료장치의 응용을 기대할 수 있다. 본 논문의 후반부에서는 HOF에 주입된 고분자 장주기 격자에 대해 높은 열민감도를 입증하였다. 장주기 광섬유 격자(LPFG)는 높은 부식성 및 전자기 간섭의 조건에서 센서로 유용하다. 이 격자는 일반적으로 실리카 또는 폴리머 광섬유에서 간섭 또는 고전력 UV 조명에 의해 제조된다. 주기적인 굴절률 변조는 좁고 환경종속적인 스펙트럼 감쇠 대역을 형성한다. 우리는 진폭 마스크없이 제조할 수 있고 저전력에서 비간섭성 UV 조명만을 사용하여 자체 조립 폴리머 기반의 장주기 격자를 제작하였다. 이를 이용한 실험을 통해 1차 감쇠 대역에서 1.5 nm °C-1의 높은 온도민감도를 얻었으며 2차 감쇠 대역에서 -4.7과 -9.4 nm °C-1의 감도를 측정하였다. 이러한 감쇠 대역의 합성 분석을 통해 낮은 무작위 오차로 -4.5 nm °C-1의 온도민감도를 얻었다. Coupled mode theory를 사용하여 큰 격자 섭동에도 불구하고 감쇠 대역과 그 행동을 정성적으로 예측할 수 있었다. 시뮬레이션은 유한 요소법을 사용했으며 시뮬레이션된 온도 감도 계수는 용융 실리카의 23배의 열광학 계수로 인해 이전 연구의 140배로 구했다. 마지막으로 폴리머 LPFG의 넓은 FWHM로 인해 비싼 광 스펙트럼 분석기없이 간단한 온도 센서의 제조가 가능하다. 감쇠 대역 가장자리 근처의 파장은 레이저 다이오드나 대역 통과된 적외선 LED같은 협대역 적외선 광원이 온도 센싱을 위한 단일 광전 다이오드와 결합이 가능하게 한다. 현재 공급 업체에서 구할 수 있는 분포 궤환형 레이저 다이오드, 일반 레이저 다이오드, 또는 적외선 LED 및 대역필터를 사용하는 장치를 시뮬레이션하여 각각 1188, 1231 및 1450 nm 영역에서 0.97, -1.98 및 1.77 dB °C-1의 온도 감도를 구했다. 본 측정결과는 저비용 광학 온도 센서의 새로운 개발 방향과 하이브리드 폴리머 온도 센서의 유용성을 보여준다. 전자기 간섭이 우려되는 의료환경에서 본 논문에 분석된 폴리머 광소자나 완전 생체`적합형 광도파로를 사용하는 광소자 감지기 및 광치료기기의 미래를 기대할 수 있다. Novel photonic materials, optical devices, and applications are required for the development of new clinical techniques and treatments in the field of biophotonics. Optical polymers are promising for biophotonic applications due to their high thermo-optic coefficients, high optical nonlinearity, and optical transmission in the visible and near infrared. Native deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) from salmon roe is available in bulk, biocompatible, and quickly biodegradable. This DNA is also a suitable host for the bonding of optical dyes, which may be used to create active photonic devices and to control the refractive index for waveguide development. The high thermo-optic coefficients of polymers also make them suitable for high-sensitivity temperature sensing from easily manufactured, low-cost temperature sensing devices which may operate in high interference medical environments. The first part of this dissertation focuses on the characterization of DNA-based optical materials doped with the vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, which demonstrate optical activity as well as the ability to control the polymer refractive index, and which thus have a high potential for application in biodegradable optical sensors and phototherapeutic devices. By the Kramers-Kronig relations, addition of an absorbent optical dye to the DNA host allows control of the refractive index. Factors known to change the refractive index of DNA are carefully controlled experimentally, and DNA is deposited by spin coating to create films of thicknesses ranging from 18 to 100 nm. Via spectroscopic ellipsometry, the refractive index is found to decrease with increased film thickness to a limit, above which it approximates the bulk behavior. Thin films of DNA-riboflavin are formed with highly consistent thicknesses. Prism minimum deviation angle, transmission, and fluorescence spectroscopy suggest that riboflavin and DNA do not undergo bonding in solution at the observed concentrations, but that they are immobilized during film formation. With increased riboflavin, film refractive index consistently increased up to an index difference Δn ≥ 0.015 in the spectral range from 500 to 900 nm, which is suitable for an all-DNA optical waveguide. Variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry was complicated by the material absorption, so a bootstrapping technique was used to derive the film thicknesses, after which oscillator peaks from transmission spectra were used for an initial ellipsometric model. A coupled multi-fitting technique enabled reduction of uncertainties across sample measurements, and Kramers-Kronig consistent fits to the refractive index dispersion were obtained using a multiple oscillator model of the material. The thermo-optic coefficients of DNA and DNA-riboflavin thin films were measured by fixed-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry to be −5.3×10-4 °C-1 and −3.2×10-4 °C-1, respectively. After an initial heating cycle, temperature response was linear. The high thermo-optic coefficient suggests applications for this polymer in a biodegradable temperature sensor, and suggests thermal stabilization of the DNA film by riboflavin bonding. The results are promising for DNA biosensors and phototherapy devices. In the second half of this thesis, high thermal sensitivity is demonstrated for a polymer-based long period grating integrated into a hollow silica optical fiber. Long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) are useful for environmental sensing under conditions of high corrosiveness and electromagnetic interference, and are usually fabricated by coherent or high-power UV illumination of a silica or polymer optical fiber. Periodic index modulation results in narrow and environmentally-dependent band rejection. We build on a self-assembled polymer-based long period grating which may be fabricated without an amplitude mask and using only incoherent UV illumination at low power. The hybrid LPFG waveguide shows a highly coupled attenuation band near a wavelength of 1180 nm (at 25 °C), with 24 nm FWHM and 6 dB resonance coupling, and secondary bands near 1250 and 1460 nm. High temperature sensitivity of 1.5 nm °C-1 is obtained experimentally for the primary attenuation band, while sensitivities of -4.7 and -9.4 nm °C-1 are obtained for secondary attenuation bands. A composite of these attenuation band shifts gives a sensitivity of -4.5 nm °C -1 with low random error. The coupled mode theory allows for the prediction of attenuation bands of long-period fiber grating structures, provided that the modes of the waveguide can be modelled and that the grating perturbation is not too large. In this device, the grating perturbation is large, but qualitative insight is obtained. Modes of the hybrid LPFG were modelled with the finite element method. Modes HEl,m with l = 1 and m < 15 were found to have the highest coupling to the fundamental mode. The expected temperature sensitivity coefficient is roughly 140 times that of prior research, due to a thermo-optic coefficient 23 times that of fused silica. Finally, the wide FWHM of the LPFG allows for simple temperature sensors without the need for expensive optical spectrum analysis. Transmission spectra at wavelengths near the edge of the attenuation band allow a narrow-band infrared light source such as a laser diode or bandpass filtered IR LED to be used in combination with a single photodiode for temperature sensing. Devices using components presently available from vendors were simulated, showing temperature sensitivities of 0.97, -1.98, and 1.77 dB °C-1 at 1188, 1231, and 1450 nm, respectively. The results demonstrate novel directions for the development of low-cost optical temperature sensors, as well as the utility of the hybrid polymer temperature sensor design. The development of future devices using polymer optical fibers or fully biocompatible optical fibers would allow their application to sensing in medical environments where electromagnetic interference is a concern.

The Role of Cell-Cell Interactions in Population Level Dynamics of Partial EMT States

Paulson, Amanda K ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Cali 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a key role in invasion and metastasis. Recent studies have demonstrated that many discrete states exist along the EMT spectrum, with partial or hybrid EMT phenotypes as the most metastatic. These states have variable plasticity, must compete for the proliferative niche, and also remodel each other's microenvironment which modifies each other's behavior. How the steady state distributions of these populations can be maintained, and how different EMT states compete and cooperate to define population-level phenotypes, has not been explored. In order to understand the contribution of this spectrum of states to the behavior of an entire heterogeneous population, we use a model transformed cell line that exhibits partial EMT cell states. In this cell line, a partial early-EMT state spontaneously gives rise to a later-EMT state with no evidence for reversion. The early-EMT cell population dominates the mixture while later-EMT cells exist in smaller fractions. We refer to this as a "top-heavy" lineage hierarchy to contrast it with healthy stem cell lineages where the populations is dominated by more differentiated progeny. A mathematical model suggests that in the top-heavy regime, differential proliferation limits the emergence of slower growing late-EMT cells or further differentiated progeny. The model also predicts perturbations that destabilize the top-heavy regime, and we validate the predictions experimentally. Intriguingly, we find that fully mesenchymal states emerge after destabilization of the top-heavy regime. These fully mesenchymal cells are more drug resistant, migratory, and grow in soft agar. Further, these cells dramatically modify their microenvironment which promotes a more mesenchymal and migratory phenotype in the more abundant partial EMT cells. These findings highlight the importance of studying the population-level dynamics that regulate cell-state proportions as well as the interactions among states that determine their collective behaviors.

Leadership competencies for United States accredited international schools

Paulson, Jeffrey Brian University of Minnesota 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

Principals in international schools are confronted with challenges involving culture, adaptation, and leadership. In these environments, principals must not only learn about the school, its community, history, and culture, but also make the transition to living in a foreign country and understanding how the cultural dynamics of the host-country have the potential to impact them both in and out of the school environment. The purpose of this study is to gather perceptions of international school principals in regard to leadership and management competencies defined by the National Policy Board of Educational Administration (NPBEA). The study focuses on the perceptions of principals in regard to difficult areas, important skills for job success, and recommendations how principal training programs can educate individuals to be principals in the overseas environment. The study consisted of an electronic, web-based survey and semi-structured interviews. A total of 209 principals completed surveys for a usable response rate of 85%. Principals participating in the study represented 127 U.S. accredited international schools and 69 countries throughout the world. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the responses using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. functional and programmatic domains were found to be the most important and difficult areas for principals of U.S. accredited international schools. Second, knowledge and skills relating to instruction and the learning environment and staff development were identified as the most important for success. Third, data from semi-structured interviews identified difficult areas that include cultural issues, meeting the academic and social needs of diverse international school communities, dealing with transient student populations and teaching staffs, and maintaining continuity of academic programs, and professional development activities. Fourth, recommendations for principal training programs focused on meeting the “diversity” of international school communities, administrative internships and mentor opportunities, and increased training on other types of educational systems and programs. Findings do show a consistency in the perceptions among principals in regard to which competencies and skill areas are perceived to be most important and difficult for success.

Experimental Characterization of Atmospheric Turbulence Supported by Advanced Phase Screen Simulations

Paulson, Daniel A University of Maryland, College Park ProQuest Diss 2020 해외박사(DDOD)

Characterization of optical propagation through the low turbulent atmosphere has been a topic of scientific investigation for decades, and has important engineering applications in the fields of free space optical communications, remote sensing, and directed energy. Traditional theories, starting with early radio science, have flowed down from the assumption of three dimensional statistical symmetry of so-called fully developed, isotropic turbulence. More recent experimental results have demonstrated that anisotropy and irregular frequency domain characteristics are regularly observed near boundaries of the atmosphere, and similar findings have been reported in computational fluid dynamics literature. We have used a multi-aperture transmissometer in field testing to characterize atmospheric transparency, refractive index structure functions, and turbulence anisotropy near atmospheric boundaries. Additionally, we have fielded arrays of resistive temperature detector probes alongside optical propagation paths to provide direct measurements of temperature and refractive index statistics supporting optical turbulence observations. We are backing up these experimental observations with a modified algorithm for modeling optical propagation through atmospheric turbulence. Our new phase screen approach utilizes a randomized spectral sampling algorithm to emulate the turbulence energy spectrum and improve modeling of low frequency fluctuations and improve convergence with theory. We have used the new algorithm to investigate open theoretical topics, such as the behavior of beam statistics in the strong fluctuation regime as functions of anisotropy parameters, and energy spectrum power law behavior. These results have to be leveraged in order to develop new approaches for characterization of atmospheric optical turbulence.

Near-field scanning optical microscopic investigations of immiscibility effects and photoreflectance contrast in III-V semiconductor materials

Paulson, Charles Andrew The University of Wisconsin - Madison 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

This thesis presents a near-field optical microscopy, NSOM, investigation of the microscopic immiscibility effects present in indium gallium phosphide alloys, which were grown by liquid phase epitaxy, LPE. The immiscibility within the alloy system results in composition fluctuations, which are observed as spatially varying shifts in the local band edge photoluminescence peak energy of the material. The NSOM-determined composition fluctuations were corroborated by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and x-ray diffraction studies. The magnitude of the composition fluctuations increased with the amount of lattice mismatch between the In1-xGaxP film and its GaAs substrate. These spatially varying composition fluctuations were correlated with the spatial variations in the topography of the material, as seen by NSOM. The composition fluctuations in this semiconductor are directly related to a thermodynamic miscibility gap in the phase diagram for the pseudobinary alloy (InP)_1−x(GaP)_x. Similar results to those found in this investigation may be found in other semiconductor alloys, since miscibility gaps exist in many other semiconductor alloy systems. This thesis work has also resulted in the development of near-field scanning photoreflectance microscopy, NSPM, system for investigation of the microscopic contrast that results from spatial variations in the surface electric field. Quantitative measurements of the surface electric field have shown that a large photovoltage effect is present in NSPM and NSOM measurements. The magnitude of this photovoltage can be greater than the intrinsic local spatial variation in surface electric field, and it can therefore limit spatial resolution. The highest spatial resolution yet reported for the imaging of spatial variations in photoreflectance spectroscopic signals has been demonstrated with this system.

Words made flesh: Sacramental knowledge in the English morality play

Paulson, Julie Corinne Duke University 2001 해외박사(DDOD)

This study argues that the English morality play presents an important extension of our understanding of the late-medieval theology of penance. Penance gives these plays their basic form, describing a central character's fall from innocence into experience and redemption through penitential ritual. These plays explore penance as the means through which one gains knowledge of both oneself and God. The initial innocence of the central figure is characterized not by sinlessness but by a lack of self-knowledge that can be gained only through worldly experience. This central figure will only gain self-knowledge—an understanding of his or her relationship to God—through the experiences of sin, repentance, and forgiveness. Mankind, for example, will only understand his need of God's Mercy—and thus what it means to be Mankind—only by painfully and poignantly experiencing his need of it at the hands of the Vices. Mercy is meaningless in the mouth of Mankind until he cries out for it. I first consider <italic>Everyman</italic>, a play that describes Everyman's increasing isolation as he moves towards death, as an exploration of ways in which penance shapes communities. In <italic>Everyman</italic>, death's meaning and our means of preparation are discovered through human communities of interaction, even as these communities are being stripped away. In a second chapter on <italic>Mankind</italic>, I elaborate the morality play's understanding of language, arguing the meaning of a word like “mercy” is not predetermined but emerges out of Mankind's interactions with others and his experience of penitential ritual. My third chapter examines <italic>Wisdom </italic>, a play remarkable for its personification of the inner faculties of the soul, and its understanding of the relationship between inner states and outer actions in the sacrament of penance. Finally, I turn to the earliest extant complete morality play <italic>The Castle of Perseverance</italic>. A comparison the <italic>Castle</italic> to the later plays of the genre, and these earlier plays' investigation of the ability of penance to transform one's knowledge of God, reveals the <italic>Castle</italic>'s subtle exploration of the human <italic>failure</italic> to know God.

Fear in the Kremlin tower: Soviet dissent and Latin European Communism

Paulson, Svetlana E Ohio University 2005 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation studies the development of dissent in the USSR in the 1960s and 1970s from the international perspective. Awareness of the ideological differences between the Kremlin and the Italian and French Communists encouraged Soviet citizens disappointed with Communism in the USSR to voice their own independent opinions. Soviet dissidents concerned about violations of civil liberties began to write appeals to fraternal CPs. The dissertation examines how this experience helped dissenters to realize that human rights were a global issue. The Soviet regime knew that dissenters' revelations of Soviet human rights abuses hurt both its international and domestic prestige. The Kremlin undertook a campaign of slander against dissent, trying to obtain the cooperation of fraternal Communists. However, dissidents let the world know how horrible the situation was in the Soviet labor camps. This information turned European public opinion against the Kremlin's policies. The French and the Italian Communists condemned the Soviet policies. The dissertation shows that the Soviet leaders truly feared that their prestige was irreparably undermined. The utilized sources include Russian archival documents, Soviet and European Communist press, dissident writings, and interviews.

Branding During Social Disruptions

Paulson, Erika L The University of Wisconsin - Madison 2014 해외박사(DDOD)

Several prominent sociologists have called social disruptions and their associated risk as the defining aspect of contemporary society, and marketers have increasingly become interested in this phenomenon. I propose the theory of active erasure to explain a series of robust patterns of change in brand advertising in response to three major social disruptions. This phenomenon is generalizable across disruptions, and consists of two parts: erasing images connected to the event, and actively replacing images with more comforting images of the home. This allows brand managers to anticipate the actions of competitors and choose their strategy accordingly. I situate this phenomenon in an institutional perspective, providing further evidence using depth interviews with brand managers and advertising creatives. Using structuration theory, I identify two external structures and two internal structures that shape the phenomena of active erasure during the advertising creation process and suggest intervention points in advertising strategy. I approach disruptions in a macro social way, and demonstrate that an institutional level of analysis allows new and different findings that are not always available to researchers focused in on smaller units of analysis.