Energy utilization, nutrient digestibility and bone quality of broiler chickens fed Tanzania-type diets in different forms with enzymes

( Edwin Peter Chang’a ),( Medani Eldow Abdallh ),( Emmanuel Uchenna Ahiwe ),( Mohammed Al-qahtani ),( Said Mbaga ),( Paul Ade Iji ) 한국축산학회 2019 한국축산학회지 Vol.61 No.4

A study was conducted to determine the influence of feed form and microbial enzyme supplementation on energy utilization, bone quality, and amino acid and mineral digestibility of broiler chickens. Four hundred and eighty Ross 308, day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to eight diets formulated from commonly used ingredients in Tanzania. A 2 (pellet or mash) × 4 (control, Axtra XB, Quantum Blue (QB) and Axtra XB + QB enzyme) factorial array in a completely randomized design having six replicates per treatment (10 birds per replicate) was used. Birds were raised in climate-controlled rooms in a 3-phase; starter (0-10 days), grower (11-24 days) and finisher (25-35 days). Apparent metabolizable energy (AME), metabolizable energy intake, net energy of production, energy retained as protein (REp), and efficiency of metabolizable energy use for energy and protein retention were higher (p < 0.05) in birds fed pelleted diets. The AME and REp was higher (p < 0.05) with enzyme supplementation. Ash content, weight, length, width and breaking strength of tibia bones were highest (p < 0.05) in birds on pelleted diets. Tibia bone traits were improved (p < 0.05) when enzymes were included, particularly in a combination of QB and Axtra XB. However, potassium, magnesium, and zinc contents were highest (p < 0.05) when QB was supplemented. Digestibility of all amino acids was higher (p < 0.05) in birds supplied with pellets and with enzyme supplementation for most amino acids, except for serine. There was a positive interaction (p < 0.05) between feed form and enzymes on lysine and phenylalanine digestibility. Digestibility of Ca, P, K, S, Zn, and Fe was higher (p < 0.05) in birds fed pelleted diets, while those on mashed diets had higher (p < 0.05) digestibility of Cu and B. The digestibility of P, K, and Zn was highest (p < 0.001) when QB was added, while Ca, P, S, and B digestibility was highest when a combination of Axtra XB + QB was applied. Pelleted diets with or without enzymes improved energy utilization, digestibility of amino acids, and minerals, and increased bone strength in broiler chickens.

Replacement value of cassava for maize in broiler chicken diets supplemented with enzymes

Chang'a Edwin Peter,Abdallh Medani Eldow,Ahiwe Emmanuel Uchenna,Mbaga Said,Zhu Ze Yuan,Fru-Nji Fidelis,Iji Paul Ade 아세아·태평양축산학회 2020 Animal Bioscience Vol.33 No.7

Objective: Pellet durability, particle size distribution, growth response, tibia bone characteristics and energy retention were measured to evaluate cassava as an alternative energy source to replace maize in broiler diets with or without Ronozyme (A+VP) enzyme composites. Methods: A total of 480 one-day broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 8 treatments in a 4×2 factorial arrangement. Four levels of cassava: (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%) and 2 levels of enzymes (0 and 500 g/tonne) were used. Each treatment was replicated six times, with ten birds per replicate. Results: The particle size distribution in the diets showed an increasing trend of small particles with increase in cassava level. Pellet durability decreased (p<0.05) with cassava inclusion. Feed intake was highest in birds fed diets with medium cassava level at 1 to 24 d and 1 to 35 d of age. The body weight gain of birds reduced (p<0.037) as cassava level increased, but it increased (p<0.017 when enzymes were added. The feed conversion ratio was high (p<0.05) when cassava level was increased, but it reduced (p<0.05) when enzymes were added. The dressing percentage (DP), and weight of drumsticks reduced (p<0.05) with increasing cassava level. Enzyme supplementation increased (p<0.05) DP, and weight of breast, thighs and drumsticks. Ash content, weight, length, width, and bone strength decreased (p<0.05) when cassava level was increased, however, they were increased with enzyme addition. The contents of Ca, K, and Zn were raised (p<0.001) with increasing cassava level. Enzyme inclusion increased (p<0.001) all mineral contents in tibia bones. Body fat and energy retained as fat decreased (p<0.001) as cassava level increased. Enzyme inclusion increased (p<0.05) body protein content and energy retained as protein. Conclusion: Although broiler performance was depressed by high levels of cassava inclusion, it was not affected by low levels, which further improved by enzyme supplementation.

Priority Setting for Occupational Cancer Prevention

Peters, Cheryl E.,Palmer, Alison L.,Telfer, Joanne,Ge, Calvin B.,Hall, Amy L.,Davies, Hugh W.,Pahwa, Manisha,Demers, Paul A. Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2018 Safety and health at work Vol.9 No.2

Background: Selecting priority occupational carcinogens is important for cancer prevention efforts; however, standardized selection methods are not available. The objective of this paper was to describe the methods used by CAREX Canada in 2015 to establish priorities for preventing occupational cancer, with a focus on exposure estimation and descriptive profiles. Methods: Four criteria were used in an expert assessment process to guide carcinogen prioritization: (1) the likelihood of presence and/or use in Canadian workplaces; (2) toxicity of the substance (strength of evidence for carcinogenicity and other health effects); (3) feasibility of producing a carcinogen profile and/or an occupational estimate; and (4) special interest from the public/scientific community. Carcinogens were ranked as high, medium or low priority based on specific conditions regarding these criteria, and stakeholder input was incorporated. Priorities were set separately for the creation of new carcinogen profiles and for new occupational exposure estimates. Results: Overall, 246 agents were reviewed for inclusion in the occupational priorities list. For carcinogen profile generation, 103 were prioritized (11 high, 33 medium, and 59 low priority), and 36 carcinogens were deemed priorities for occupational exposure estimation (13 high, 17 medium, and 6 low priority). Conclusion: Prioritizing and ranking occupational carcinogens is required for a variety of purposes, including research, resource allocation at different jurisdictional levels, calculations of occupational cancer burden, and planning of CAREX-type projects in different countries. This paper outlines how this process was achieved in Canada; this may provide a model for other countries and jurisdictions as a part of occupational cancer prevention efforts.

Wireless structural health monitoring of bridges: present and future

Neil A. Hoult,Paul R.A. Fidler,Peter G. Hill,Campbell R. Middleton 국제구조공학회 2010 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.6 No.3

Internationally the load carrying capacity of bridges is decreasing due to material deterioration while at the same time increasing live loads mean that they are often exposed to stresses for which they were not designed. However there are limited resources available to ensure that these bridges are fit for purpose, meaning that new approaches to bridge maintenance are required that optimize both their service lives as well as maintenance costs. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) provide a tool that could support such an optimized maintenance program. In many situations WSNs have advantages over conventional wired monitoring systems in terms of installation time and cost. In order to evaluate the potential of these systems two WSNs were installed starting in July 2007 on the Humber Bridge and on a nearby approach bridge. As part of a corrosion prevention strategy, a relative humidity and temperature monitoring system was installed in the north anchorage chambers of the main suspension bridge where the main cables of the bridge are anchored into the foundation. This system allows the Bridgemaster to check whether the maximum relative humidity threshold, above which corrosion of the steel wires might occur, is not crossed. A second WSN which monitors aspects of deterioration on a reinforced concrete bridge located on the approach to the main suspension bridge was also installed. Though both systems have provided useful data to the owners, there are still challenges that must be overcome in terms of monitoring corrosion of steel, measuring live loading and data management before WSNs can become an effective tool for bridge managers.

Priority Setting for Occupational Cancer Prevention

Cheryl E. Peters,Alison L. Palmer,Joanne Telfer,Calvin B. Ge,Amy L. Hall,Hugh W. Davies,Manisha Pahwa,Paul A. Demers 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 2018 Safety and health at work Vol.9 No.2

Background: Selecting priority occupational carcinogens is important for cancer prevention efforts; however, standardized selection methods are not available. The objective of this paper was to describe the methods used by CAREX Canada in 2015 to establish priorities for preventing occupational cancer, with a focus on exposure estimation and descriptive profiles. Methods: Four criteria were used in an expert assessment process to guide carcinogen prioritization: (1) the likelihood of presence and/or use in Canadian workplaces; (2) toxicity of the substance (strength of evidence for carcinogenicity and other health effects); (3) feasibility of producing a carcinogen profile and/or an occupational estimate; and (4) special interest from the public/scientific community. Carcinogens were ranked as high, medium or low priority based on specific conditions regarding these criteria, and stakeholder input was incorporated. Priorities were set separately for the creation of new carcinogen profiles and for new occupational exposure estimates. Results: Overall, 246 agents were reviewed for inclusion in the occupational priorities list. For carcinogen profile generation, 103 were prioritized (11 high, 33 medium, and 59 low priority), and 36 carcinogens were deemed priorities for occupational exposure estimation (13 high, 17 medium, and 6 low priority). Conclusion: Prioritizing and ranking occupational carcinogens is required for a variety of purposes, including research, resource allocation at different jurisdictional levels, calculations of occupational cancer burden, and planning of CAREX-type projects in different countries. This paper outlines how this process was achieved in Canada; this may provide a model for other countries and jurisdictions as a part of occupational cancer prevention efforts.

Wireless structural health monitoring of bridges: present and future

Hoult, Neil A.,Fidler, Paul R.A.,Hill, Peter G.,Middleton, Campbell R. Techno-Press 2010 Smart Structures and Systems, An International Jou Vol.6 No.3

Internationally the load carrying capacity of bridges is decreasing due to material deterioration while at the same time increasing live loads mean that they are often exposed to stresses for which they were not designed. However there are limited resources available to ensure that these bridges are fit for purpose, meaning that new approaches to bridge maintenance are required that optimize both their service lives as well as maintenance costs. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) provide a tool that could support such an optimized maintenance program. In many situations WSNs have advantages over conventional wired monitoring systems in terms of installation time and cost. In order to evaluate the potential of these systems two WSNs were installed starting in July 2007 on the Humber Bridge and on a nearby approach bridge. As part of a corrosion prevention strategy, a relative humidity and temperature monitoring system was installed in the north anchorage chambers of the main suspension bridge where the main cables of the bridge are anchored into the foundation. This system allows the Bridgemaster to check whether the maximum relative humidity threshold, above which corrosion of the steel wires might occur, is not crossed. A second WSN which monitors aspects of deterioration on a reinforced concrete bridge located on the approach to the main suspension bridge was also installed. Though both systems have provided useful data to the owners, there are still challenges that must be overcome in terms of monitoring corrosion of steel, measuring live loading and data management before WSNs can become an effective tool for bridge managers.

Graphene Veils and Sandwiches

Yuk, Jong Min,Kim, Kwanpyo,Alemá,n, Benjamí,n,Regan, William,Ryu, Ji Hoon,Park, Jungwon,Ercius, Peter,Lee, Hyuck Mo,Alivisatos, A. Paul,Crommie, Michael F.,Lee, Jeong Yong,Zettl, Alex American Chemical Society 2011 NANO LETTERS Vol.11 No.8

<P>We report a new and highly versatile approach to artificial layered materials synthesis which borrows concepts of molecular beam epitaxy, self-assembly, and graphite intercalation compounds. It readily yields stacks of graphene (or other two-dimensional sheets) separated by virtually any kind of “guest” species. The new material can be “sandwich like”, for which the guest species are relatively closely spaced and form a near-continuous inner layer of the sandwich, or “veil like”, where the guest species are widely separated, with each guest individually draped within a close-fitting, protective yet atomically thin graphene net or veil. The veils and sandwiches can be intermixed and used as a two-dimensional platform to control the movements and chemical interactions of guest species.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/nalefd/2011/nalefd.2011.11.issue-8/nl201647p/production/images/medium/nl-2011-01647p_0006.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nl201647p'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nl201647p'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nl201647p'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nl201647p'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

3D structure of individual nanocrystals in solution by electron microscopy

Park, Jungwon,Elmlund, Hans,Ercius, Peter,Yuk, Jong Min,Limmer, David T.,Chen, Qian,Kim, Kwanpyo,Han, Sang Hoon,Weitz, David A.,Zettl, A.,Alivisatos, A. Paul American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2015 Science Vol.349 No.6245

<P><B>Looking at teeny tiny platinum particles</B></P><P>Electron microscopy is a powerful technique for taking snapshots of particles or images at near-atomic resolution. Park <I>et al.</I> studied free-floating platinum nanoparticles using electron microscopy and liquid cells (see the Perspective by Colliex). Using analytical techniques developed to study biological molecules, they reconstructed the threedimensional features of the Pt particles at near-atomic resolution. This approach has the scope to study a mixed population of particles one at a time and to study their synthesis as it occurs in solution.</P><P><I>Science</I>, this issue p. 290; see also p. 232</P><P>Knowledge about the synthesis, growth mechanisms, and physical properties of colloidal nanoparticles has been limited by technical impediments. We introduce a method for determining three-dimensional (3D) structures of individual nanoparticles in solution. We combine a graphene liquid cell, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, a direct electron detector, and an algorithm for single-particle 3D reconstruction originally developed for analysis of biological molecules. This method yielded two 3D structures of individual platinum nanocrystals at near-atomic resolution. Because our method derives the 3D structure from images of individual nanoparticles rotating freely in solution, it enables the analysis of heterogeneous populations of potentially unordered nanoparticles that are synthesized in solution, thereby providing a means to understand the structure and stability of defects at the nanoscale.</P>

DCMIP2016: the splitting supercell test case

Zarzycki, Colin M.,Jablonowski, Christiane,Kent, James,Lauritzen, Peter H.,Nair, Ramachandran,Reed, Kevin A.,Ullrich, Paul A.,Hall, David M.,Taylor, Mark A.,Dazlich, Don,Heikes, Ross,Konor, Celal,Rand Copernicus GmbH 2019 Geoscientific model development Vol.12 No.3

<P><p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This paper describes the splitting supercell idealized test case used in the 2016 Dynamical Core Model Intercomparison Project (DCMIP2016). These storms are useful test beds for global atmospheric models because the horizontal scale of convective plumes is O(1&amp;thinsp;km), emphasizing non-hydrostatic dynamics. The test case simulates a supercell on a reduced-radius sphere with nominal resolutions ranging from 4 to 0.5&amp;thinsp;km and is based on the work of <span class='cit' id='xref_text.1'><a href='#bib1.bibx10'>Klemp et al.</a> (<a href='#bib1.bibx10'>2015</a>)</span>. Models are initialized with an atmospheric environment conducive to supercell formation and forced with a small thermal perturbation. A simplified Kessler microphysics scheme is coupled to the dynamical core to represent moist processes. Reference solutions for DCMIP2016 models are presented. Storm evolution is broadly similar between models, although differences in the final solution exist. These differences are hypothesized to result from different numerical discretizations, physics-dynamics coupling, and numerical diffusion. Intramodel solutions generally converge as models approach 0.5&amp;thinsp;km resolution, although exploratory simulations at 0.25&amp;thinsp;km imply some dynamical cores require more refinement to fully converge. These results can be used as a reference for future dynamical core evaluation, particularly with the development of non-hydrostatic global models intended to be used in convective-permitting regimes.</p> </P>

A Statistical Approach to Machine Translation

Brown, Peter F.,Stephen, John Cocke,Pietra, A. Della,Della, Vincent J.,Jelinek, Pietra Fredrick,Lafferty, John D.,Mercer, Robert L.,Roossin, Paul S. 서울대학교 어학연구소 1991 語學硏究 Vol.27 No.1

In this paper, we present a statistical approach to machine translation. We describe the application of our approach to translation from French to English and give preliminary results.