Whither ASEM? Lessons from APEC and the Future of Transregional Cooperation Between Asia and Europe : ASEM 의 장래/APEC 으로 부터의 교훈과 향후 아시아, 유럽간의 관계 전망

Ko¨llner, Patrick 韓獨經商學會 2000 經商論叢 Vol.18 No.2

APEC이 최근 그 중요성을 잃어 가고 있다. 흑자들은 APEC이 지금까지 보여준 성과가 제한적이라는 점과 기업의 영업활동에 대한 관련성이 크지 않다는 평가와 함께, APEC협력을 유지하기 위해 투입되고 있는 인적, 금전적 자원들이 과연 정당화될 수 있는가에 대해 의문을 표명하기도 한다. 이러한 배경 하에 본 논문은 새로이 출범한 ASEM이APEC과 유사한 운명에 처할 것인지 아니면 향후 일정기간 동안이라도 그 중요성을 유지할 수 있을 것인가에 관해 논하고 있다. APEC에 견주어 보아 ASEM의 향후 진로를 평가하는 데 있어서 중요한 점은 APEC이 지역내협력(intraregional cooperation)인 데 반하여 ASEM은 기본적으로 지역간(interregional) 또는 범지역적(transregional) 협력의 형태를 지향하고 있다는 점이다.ASEM의 지금까지의 협력 현황을 살펴 보면, 지역간 협력과 범지역적 협력의 구분은 매우 유용한 것으로 판단된다. 왜냐 하면, 여러 사례에서 나타난 바와 같이, ASEM에서도지역 대 지역의 협력구도 보다는 범지역적 협력구도가 보다 훌륭한 성과를 나타내는 경우가 많았기 때문이다. 현재 끈기상황에 직면한 APEC의 경우에 미루어 보아, 우리는 ASEM의 향후 장래에 있어서도 아시아와 유럽이 공동운명체라는 선언만으로 ASEM 협력이 제도적으로 정착할 수 있을 것이라는 평가는 오산이라는 교훈을 가슴 깊숙이 새겨야 할 것으로 보인다.즉, ASEM이 오랜 기간에 걸쳐 아시아와 유럽 사이에서 연결통로의 역할을 수행하기 위해서는 ASEM 협력을 뒷받침할 수 있는 협력 이슈들의 내용의 충실성이 확보되는 동시에 호혜적인 협력수단들이 계속적으로 창출되어 져야 할 것이다. 이렇게 볼 때, 현재 ASEM 협력은 다음과 같은 문제점을 노출하고 있는 것으로 평가할 수 있다. 첫째는 정치, 경제, 문화 등 협력의 3대축 중에서 경제 편중적인 협력구도로 인하여 정치, 문화 분야의 협력 판계가 그리 활발하지 못하다는 점이다 또, 이러한 경제편중성은 ASEM 협력구도가 지나치게 ·지역간 협력의 성격을 띠는 방향으로 유도하는 원인이 되고 있는 바, 이를 통해 궁극적으로 협력의 중점분야와 기본적인 협력방법에 대한 재고가 이루어 져야 한다는 점을 인식할 수 잇다. 둘째, 지금까지의 ASEM 협력은 향후 수 십년 간 아시아-유럽 협력이 어떠한 방향으로 이루어져야 한다는 장기비전을 제시하지 못하고 있다. 즉, ASEM의 방향성과 역할에 관한 회원국간의 공감대 형성 작업도 협력구도의 제정비와 더불어 매우 중요한 과제라고 할 수 있다. 셋째, 지금까지 ASEM협력을 주도하고 있는 경제-통상, 정치-외교 분야의 장관회의, 고위실무회의 및 몇몇의전문가회의 등을 살펴 보면, ASEM 협력이 지나치게 엘리트 위주로 운영되고 있는 느낌을 받는다. 이 문제도 ASEM의 장기적인 유지-확대를 위해서는 시급히 해결해야 할 점인 것으로 판단된다. 즉, ASEM 협력을 보다 광범위한 국민 충에서 이해될 수 있도록 홍보함과 동시에 참여를 독려할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해서는 협력군도의 설정 및 전개에 있어서 경제 분야와 상응하는 정도로 정치-문화 분야의 협력을 확대시키는 한편,구체적인 각각의 협력 분야 내에서는 협력을 집중함으로써 구체적인 성과들을 지속적으로 얻어 나가는 노력이 필요할 것이다. 이러한 문제점에도 불구하고 필자는 ASEM이 매우 의미 있는 작업이라는 판단이다. 위에서 언급된 바와 같이 (1) APEC을 추종하는 종래의 경제중심의 협력방안에서 벗어나,정치-문화 협력을 경제와 동등한 협력분야로 설정하고, (2) 지나치게 지역간 협력구도를 강조하기 보다는 범지역적 협력방안을 보다 강화하는 한편, (3) 국민들에 대한 홍보강화 등을 통해 ASEM에 보다 광범위한 참여가 가능하도록 만든다면, ASEM은 아시아-유럽간의 협력강화를 실질적으로 주도하는 협력기구가 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Effects of Molecular Weight and Temperature on Fiber Diameter of Poly(ε-caprolactone) Melt Electrospun Fiber

Ko, Junghyuk,Jun, Seungwon,Lee, Jason Keonhag,Lee, Patrick C.,Jun, Martin B.G. The Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Eng 2015 한국생산제조학회지 Vol.24 No.2

The 14k, 45k, and 70k Mw PCL have different crystallization temperatures and therefore have slightly different characteristics affecting the fiber diameter. To observe these behaviors, the fiber was produced at every step of $10^{\circ}C$ for each molecular weights and the diameter was measured. Moreover, the fiber was fabricated over the cooled ground plate to observe the change in fiber diameter in comparison to the normal ground plate. In case of molecular Mw 14k PCL, the diameter increased as the temperature increased. For Mw 45k PCL, the fiber diameter decreased as the temperature increased. As of Mw 70k PCL, the fiber diameter decreased with increasing temperature as well. When the experiment was conducted over the cooled collector plate, the data did not change significantly from the previous lexperiments.

Child maltreatment hospitalisations in Hong Kong: incidence rate and seasonal pattern

Ip, Patrick,Ho, Frederick Ka-wing,Chan, Ko Ling,Yip, Paul Siu-fai,Lau, Joseph Tak-fai,Wong, Wilfred Hing-sang,Chow, Chun-bong,Jiang, Fan BMJ Publishing Group Ltd 2016 Archives of disease in childhood Vol.101 No.12

<P><B>Objective</B></P><P>We investigated the incidence and seasonal patterns of child maltreatment hospitalisations in Hong Kong.</P><P><B>Design</B></P><P>A retrospective study of subjects aged under 19 years with a primary diagnosis of child maltreatment admitted to hospitals in Hong Kong from 2001 to 2010. Data were retrieved from the centralised database of all 42 public hospitals in the Hospital Authority.</P><P><B>Main outcome measures</B></P><P>Child maltreatment incidence rate.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>A consistent seasonal pattern was found for non-sexual maltreatment in children aged 6–18 years (p<0.001). Hospitalisations peaked in May and October but dipped in August and January. No significant seasonal patterns were found for sexual maltreatment or among children under 6 years. The seasonal pattern of child maltreatment coincided with the two school examination periods. The annual child maltreatment hospitalisation rate in Hong Kong in 2010 was 73.4 per 100 000 children under 19 years, more than double that in 2001.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>A peculiar seasonal pattern and an alarming increasing trend in child maltreatment hospitalisation were observed in Hong Kong, which we speculated to be related to school examination stress and increasing socioeconomic disparity. Our findings highlighted differences in the trends of child maltreatment between Hong Kong and the West. Professionals and policymakers should be made aware of these trends and develop effective strategies to tackle child maltreatment.</P>

Children With Disability Are More at Risk of Violence Victimization : Evidence From a Study of School-Aged Chinese Children

Chan, Ko Ling,Emery, Clifton R.,Ip, Patrick SAGE Publications 2016 Journal of interpersonal violence Vol.31 No.6

<P>Although research tends to focus on whether children with disability are more at risk of violence victimization, conclusive evidence on the association, especially in non-Western settings, is lacking. Using a large and representative sample of school-aged children in Hong Kong (<I>N</I> = 5,841, aged 9-18 years), this study aims to fill the research gap by providing reliable estimates of the prevalence of disability and the direct and indirect experiences of violence among children with disability. The study also compares the prevalence of child maltreatment, parental intimate partner violence (IPV), and in-law conflict to explore the factors related to the association between disability and violence victimization. The prevalence of disability among children was about 6%. Children with disability were more likely to report victimization than those without disability: 32% to 60% of the former had experienced child maltreatment, and 12% to 46% of them had witnessed IPV between parents or in-law conflict. The results of a logistic regression showed that disability increased the risk of lifetime physical maltreatment by 1.6 times. Furthermore, low levels of parental education and paternal unemployment were risk factors for lifetime child maltreatment. The risk of child maltreatment could have an almost sixfold increase when the child had also witnessed other types of family violence. Possible explanations and implications of the findings are discussed.</P>

Effects of Molecular Weight and Temperature on Fiber Diameter of Poly(ε-caprolactone) Melt Electrospun Fiber

Junghyuk Ko,Seungwon Jun,Jason Keonhag Lee,Patrick C. Lee,Martin B.G. Jun 한국생산제조학회 2015 한국생산제조학회지 Vol.24 No.2

The 14k, 45k, and 70k Mw PCL have different crystallization temperatures and therefore have slightly different characteristics affecting the fiber diameter. To observe these behaviors, the fiber was produced at every step of 10oC for each molecular weights and the diameter was measured. Moreover, the fiber was fabricated over the cooled ground plate to observe the change in fiber diameter in comparison to the normal ground plate. In case of molecular Mw 14k PCL, the diameter increased as the temperature increased. For Mw 45k PCL, the fiber diameter decreased as the temperature increased. As of Mw 70k PCL, the fiber diameter decreased with increasing temperature as well. When the experiment was conducted over the cooled collector plate, the data did not change significantly from the previous lexperiments.

Mental Health Consequences of Childhood Physical Abuse in Chinese Populations : A Meta-Analysis

Ip, Patrick,Wong, Rosa S.,Li, Sophia L.,Chan, Ko Ling,Ho, Frederick K.,Chow, Chun-bong SAGE Publications 2016 Trauma, violence & abuse Vol.17 No.5

Can family structure and social support reduce the impact of child victimization on health-related quality of life?

Chan, Ko Ling,Chen, Mengtong,Chen, Qiqi,Ip, Patrick Elsevier 2017 Child abuse & neglect Vol.72 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study aims at providing a profile of the association between different types of child victimization and polyvictimization and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among school-aged children, and examining the impact of family structure and social support on the negative health consequences associated with violent victimization. We conducted a cross-sectional school survey in Hong Kong using a two-stage stratified sampling procedure. The final sample comprised 4139 children’s self-reports and proxy-reports (boys=51.5%; mean age=6.3). The main outcome was HRQoL measured with the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). Family structure was represented by parents’ marital status, major caregivers, number of siblings and the living arrangement of children. Child victimization, social support, and demographic characteristics were also measured. All types of child victimization were associated with compromised HRQoL, and the strength of association varied across different types of child victimization. Family structure (in particular the number of siblings and whether additional childcare was received from grandparents) and social support were associated with better HRQoL. The negative associations between child victimization and polyvictimization and HRQoL were reduced when there was an adjustment made for family structure and social support. Findings show that family structure and social support are related to a reduction in negative health consequences for child victimization. The varying strengths of negative associations between victimization and HRQoL highlight the possibility that the effects of child victimization on health might not be homogeneous.</P>

Synthesis and Structure of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl-1,4-Diphenyltetraazabutadiene Complexes of Rhodium and Iridium

Paek ,Cheolki,Ko, Jaejung,Kang, Sangook,Patrick J.Carrol Korean Chemical Society 1994 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.15 No.6

Monomeric rhodium and iridium-diaryltetrazene complexes $Cp^*$M(RNN=NNR)($Cp^*$=1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclope ntadienyl; M=Rh, Ir; R=Ph, 4-tolyl) have been synthesized from [$Cp^*MCl_2]_2$(M=Rh, Ir) and 2 equiv. of $[Li(THF)_x]_2(RN_4$R) in benzene. We have determined the crystal structure of (${\eta}^5$-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)diphenyltetrazene iridium by using graphite-monochromated Mo-$K_a$ radiation. The compound was crystallized in the monoclinic space group $P2_{1/c}$ with a=13.781(3), b=9.035(l), c=17.699(3) ${\AA}$, and ${\beta}=111.93(l)^{\circ}$. An X-ray crystal structure of complex 1 showed a short N(2)-N(3) distance ($1.265 {\AA}$) consistent with the valence tautomer A with Ir(III) rather than Ir(I). All complexes are highly colored and decompose on irradiation at 254 nm. Electrochemical studies show that complex 1 displays a quasi-reversible reduction.

Synthesis and Structure of $\eta^4$-1-Functionally Substituted-2,3,4,5-Tetraphenyl-1-Silacyclopentadienyl Complexes of Irontricarbonyl. Crystal Structure of ($\eta^4$-exo-Cyclopentadienyldicarbonyliron-endo-1-Methyl-2,3,4,5-Tetraphenyl-1-Silacyclopentadi

Jinkook Kang,Jaejung Ko,Youngkun Kong,Chang Hwan Kim,Myong Euy Lee,Patrick J. Carroll Korean Chemical Society 1992 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.13 No.5

New silicon-monosubstituted (${\eta}^4$-2,3,4,5-tetraphenyl-1-silacyclopentadiene)transi tion metal complexes are described. The new (silole-transition metal complex)Fe$(CO)_3$ was obtained from the reaction of silole-tansition metal complex and Fe$(CO)_5$. We have determined the crystal structure of (${\eta}^4$-exo-cyclopentadienyldicarbonyliron-endo-1-meth yl-2,3,4,5-tetraphenyl-1-silacyclopentadienyl)tric arbonyliron by using graphitemonochromated Mo-$K_{\alpha}radiation. The compound was crystallized in the monoclinic space group $P2_1$/c with a = 8.925(1), b = 18.689(3), c = 19.930(3) ${\AA}$, and ${\beta}$ = 102.02$(1)^{\circ}$. The iron moiety CpFe$(CO)_2$ on silicon is in an axal position. The (silole-transition metal complex) Fe$(CO)_3$ was also prepared through the reaction of (${\eta}^4$-1-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetraphenylsilacyclopentadiene) Fe$(CO)_3$ and metal complex nucleophile. The structure configuration was studied by conventional spectroscopy.

Risk factors for child physical abuse and neglect among Chinese young mothers

Lo, Camilla K.M.,Tung, Keith T.S.,Chan, Ko Ling,Yip, Paul S.F.,Lau, Joseph T.F.,Wong, Wilfred H.S.,Wong, Rosa S.,Tsang, Anita M.C.,Tsang, Hannah Y.H.,Tso, Winnie W.Y.,Ip, Patrick Elsevier 2017 Child abuse & neglect Vol.67 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Although studies have reported a linkage between young pregnancy and child maltreatment risk, it is still unclear about what factors place young mothers at greater risk of maltreating their child in Chinese context. Based on the socio-ecological model, risk factors in 4 domains: family background/structure, maternal stressors, mother-child interaction, and child behavioral issue in relation to physical assault, neglect, both physical assault and neglect, and either physical assault or neglect among Chinese young mothers in Hong Kong were assessed. 392 young mothers were recruited from an integrated supportive program for young mothers. The mean age of mothers at delivery was 21.8 (SD=3.0) and 52.3% were married. Individual risk factors and cumulative risk domains related to different child maltreatment groups were examined. Our results show both overlapping and unique risk factors across the domains associated with physical assault and neglect. Further, young families exposed to higher number of risk domains show higher rates for physical assault and neglect, co-occurrence of physical assault and neglect, and either form of maltreatment. In addition, various risk domains were found to be particularly important for different forms of maltreatment: family background/structure domain was found to be an important risk domain for neglect; mother-child interaction domain for both physical assault and neglect; family background/structure and maternal stressors domains for either physical assault or neglect. Closer examination of a subgroup of adolescent mothers aged 18 and below shows that family background/structure was an important risk domain for this group.</P>