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Singh, Rani,Jain, Preeti,Pandey, N.K.,Saxena, V.K.,Saxena, M.,Singh, K.B.,Ahmed, K.A.,Singh, R.P. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2012 Animal Bioscience Vol.25 No.7
In the present study, the impact of Salmonella Typhimurium on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) was investigated in 5 week-old immuno divergent broiler lines selected for the high and low response to phytohemagglutinin-P. The immune response was assessed in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) induced with Salmonella Typhimurium at different time intervals (0 h, 0.5 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h). The differential mRNA expression patterns of IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-2 and iNOS were evaluated by quantitative real time PCR. In-vitro production of nitric oxide (NO) was also estimated in the culture supernatant and correlated with iNOS mRNA expression. Present study showed higher production of NO in the high cell-mediated line (HCMI) as compared to the low cell-mediated line (LCMI) upon stimulation with Salmonella Typhimurium. Correspondingly, higher mRNA expression of iNOS and IFN-${\gamma}$ were observed in high response birds (HCMI); but IL-2 was down regulated in this line compared to the low response birds (LCMI). Significantly (p<0.05) higher expression of iNOS, IFN-${\gamma}$ and higher production of NO in high line indicated that the selection for PHA-P response might be employed for increasing the immune competence against Salmonella Typhimurium in chicken flocks.
Misra, Chandra Kanta,Sahu, N.P.,Jain, K.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.9
Two hundred and ten post-larvae (PL) of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (14.5-14.9 mg) were equally distributed in two experimental groups and fed with either steam cooked or extruded pellet for a period of 60 days. Physical evaluation and growth promoting effect of both the pellets were assessed. Significantly higher (p<0.05) water stability, absorption and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were recorded in extruded pellet than the steam cooked pellet. Nutrient loss was minimum in the extruded pellet for which lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p<0.05) was recorded in this group. However, weight gain, relative growth and specific growth rate (SGR) in both the groups were not significantly different (p>0.05). Although insignificant (p>0.05) but higher amylase activity was recorded in steam pellet fed group. Survival was not affected by feeding either of the diets.
Responses of Labeo rohita to Dietary Lathyrus sativus Seeds
Barse, A.V.,Jadhao, S.B.,Sahu, N.P.,Srivastava, P.P.,Jain, K.K.,Pal, A.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.1
Lathyrus sativus, locally known as Khesari, is a leguminous pulse crop grown in many parts of the world for food (used by poor people) and animal feed/fodder. Its seeds are rich in protein and energy but contains anti-nutritional factors prominent among which is ${\beta}$-N-Oxalylamino-L-Alanine (BOAA), a neurotoxin causing lathyrism in humans due to prolong consumption. Keeping in view the chemical characteristics of this toxin and literary facts on L. sativus feeding in terrestrial animals, it was hypothesized that aquatic species may better utilise this ingredient in mixed extruded diets. Diets were prepared with varying levels (0, 10, 18, 26 and 34%) of L. sativus seeds and fed for 60 days to study growth, body composition and digestibility of nutrients. Final body weight, specific growth rate and feed and protein conversion ratio did not differ (p>0.05) between treatments. Crude protein digestibility was reduced (p<0.01) beyond 26% inclusion level of L. sativus. Final carcass composition with regard to protein, lipid and ash did not differ (p>0.05) among the treatments. Comparable craniosomatic, viscerosomatic, renosomatic and hepatic indices and no mortality implies no apparent adverse effect on the vital organs and fish health. It was concluded that L. sativus can be a promising feed ingredient that can be used up to 34% or possibly higher level in fingerlings diet. To our knowledge, it appears to be the first report of its kind under laboratory conditions.
Naik, S.D.,Sahu, N.P.,Jain, K.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.9
Two hundred and forty post-larvae (PL) of fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii were distributed in eight treatment groups with three replicates each. Eight experimental diets were prepared by using squilla (Orato squilla nepa), squid (Sepia pharonis) and clam (katelysia opima) alone or in different combination as source of animal protein and compared to a control diet containing fish meal. Total crude protein content for all dietary treatments was around 32%. Total protein content of fish meal was replaced by an equal amount of protein from different animal protein sources on isonitrogenous basis. Diets were fed at 5% of the body weight of post-larvae twice daily. The experiment was conducted for a period of 60 days. It was found that all the above three protein sources could be used by completely replacing fishmeal except clam meal at higher level of inclusion (26%). A combination of squid and squilla meal at 14% each in the diet increased the growth performance of PL significantly (p<0.05) in terms of Specific growth rate (SGR) % (5.17), FCR (2.12) and PER (1.51). Squilla meal can be used to the maximum level of 38% without any growth depression.
Investigation of the Lack of Angiogenesis in the Formation of Lymph Node Metastases
Jeong, Han-Sin,Jones, Dennis,Liao, Shan,Wattson, Daniel A.,Cui, Cheryl H.,Duda, Dan G.,Willett, Christopher G.,Jain, Rakesh K.,Padera, Timothy P. U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Publ 2015 Journal of the National Cancer Institute Vol.107 No.9
<P><B>Background:</B></P><P>To date, antiangiogenic therapy has failed to improve overall survival in cancer patients when used in the adjuvant setting (local-regional disease with no detectable systemic metastasis). The presence of lymph node metastases worsens prognosis, however their reliance on angiogenesis for growth has not been reported.</P><P><B>Methods:</B></P><P>Here, we introduce a novel chronic lymph node window (CLNW) model to facilitate new discoveries in the growth and spread of lymph node metastases. We use the CLNW in multiple models of spontaneous lymphatic metastases in mice to study the vasculature of metastatic lymph nodes (n = 9–12). We further test our results in patient samples (n = 20 colon cancer patients; n = 20 head and neck cancer patients). Finally, we test the ability of antiangiogenic therapy to inhibit metastatic growth in the CLNW. All statistical tests were two-sided.</P><P><B>Results:</B></P><P>Using the CLNW, we reveal the surprising lack of sprouting angiogenesis during metastatic growth, despite the presence of hypoxia in some lesions. Treatment with two different antiangiogenic therapies showed no effect on the growth or vascular density of lymph node metastases (day 10: untreated mean = 1.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.7% to 1.7%; control mean = 0.7%, 95% CI = 0.1% to 1.3%; DC101 mean = 0.4%, 95% CI = 0.0% to 3.3%; sunitinib mean = 0.5%, 95% CI = 0.0% to 1.0%, analysis of variance <I>P</I> = .34). We confirmed these findings in clinical specimens, including the lack of reduction in blood vessel density in lymph node metastases in patients treated with bevacizumab (no bevacizumab group mean = 257 vessels/mm<SUP>2</SUP>, 95% CI = 149 to 365 vessels/mm<SUP>2</SUP>; bevacizumab group mean = 327 vessels/mm<SUP>2</SUP>, 95% CI = 140 to 514 vessels/mm<SUP>2</SUP>, <I>P</I> = .78).</P><P><B>Conclusion:</B></P><P>We provide preclinical and clinical evidence that sprouting angiogenesis does not occur during the growth of lymph node metastases, and thus reveals a new mechanism of treatment resistance to antiangiogenic therapy in adjuvant settings. The targets of clinically approved angiogenesis inhibitors are not active during early cancer progression in the lymph node, suggesting that inhibitors of sprouting angiogenesis as a class will not be effective in treating lymph node metastases.</P>
Jain, Vikas,Nayak, A.K.,Dhiman, M.,Kulkarni, P.P.,Vijayan, P.K.,Vaze, K.K. Korean Nuclear Society 2013 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.45 No.5
Pressing demands of economic competitiveness, the need for large-scale deployment, minimizing the need of human intervention, and experience from the past events and incidents at operating reactors have guided the evolution and innovations in reactor technologies. Indian innovative reactor 'AHWR' is a pressure-tube type natural circulation based boiling water reactor that is designed to meet such requirements, which essentially reflect the needs of next generation reactors. The reactor employs various passive features to prevent and mitigate accidental conditions, like a slightly negative void reactivity coefficient, passive poison injection to scram the reactor in event of failure of the wired shutdown systems, a large elevated pool of water as a heat sink inside the containment, passive decay heat removal based on natural circulation and passive valves, passive ECC injection, etc. It is designed to meet the fundamental safety requirements of safe shutdown, safe decay heat removal and confinement of activity with no impact in public domain, and hence, no need for emergency planning under all conceivable scenarios. This paper examines the role of the various passive safety systems in prevention and mitigation of severe plant conditions that may arise in event of multiple failures. For the purpose of demonstration of the effectiveness of its passive features, postulated scenarios on the lines of three major severe accidents in the history of nuclear power reactors are considered, namely; the Three Mile Island (TMI), Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents. Severe plant conditions along the lines of these scenarios are postulated to the extent conceivable in the reactor under consideration and analyzed using best estimate system thermal-hydraulics code RELAP5/Mod3.2. It is found that the various passive systems incorporated enable the reactor to tolerate the postulated accident conditions without causing severe plant conditions and core degradation.
Development of Carbon Nanotubes and Polymer Composites Therefrom
Jain, P.K.,Mahajan, Y.R.,Sundararajan, G.,Okotrub, A.V.,Yudanov, N.F.,Romanenko, A.I. Korean Carbon Society 2002 Carbon Letters Vol.3 No.3
Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were produced using the arc-discharge graphite evaporation technique. Composite films were developed using MWNT dispersed in polystirol polymer. In the present work, various properties of the polymeric thin film containing carbon nanotubes were investigated by optical absorption, electrical resistivity and the same have been discussed.