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The Latin American Left in the 2000s
Martin Nilsson 한국라틴아메리카학회 2011 라틴아메리카연구 Vol.24 No.2
Though the left wave in the 2000s appears to be a new phenomenon in Latin America, there are parallels with the past. First, it is still accurate to divide it between one more radical and one social-democratic left. Second, it is furthermore still divided into two paths, which were somewhat established under different circumstances and reasons in Central America, the Andes and in the Southern Cone. Third, the division between the moderate and radical left has clearly been witnessed before. In previous (Costa Rica 1949-, Venezuela 1958-) as well as contemporary cases (Argentina, Chile, Uruguay) social-democratic parties have always promoted liberal democracy and the economic order of today, but have never challenged the elite actors’ position in society or the democratic stability. In addition, the contemporary radical cases (Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador) have similarities to old cases (Guatemala 1944-1954, Chile 1970-1973) in the attempt to challenge liberal democracy and accomplishing drastic socio-economic reforms, but while the old cases ended in military coups the radical left is still in power in the contemporary cases. Ultimately, the left in government is not a new phenomenon, and today it has two paths, but the scope of its influences, in the radical cases, will probably have deeper consequences for society and democracy than ever.
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Toros Andrew,Grodzinsky Ewa,Karlsson Nadine,Nilsson Martin,Märta Sund Levander 대한신경집중치료학회 2022 대한신경집중치료학회지 Vol.15 No.1
Background: In patients undergoing neurosurgeries, inflammation and infection are strongly related; however, inflammation can be present without infection. Midregional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM) is a relatively new sepsis biomarker that is rarely used clinically. Recently, the concept of DiffTemp was introduced, that is, a >1°C rise from individual normal temperature accompanied by malaise, as a more accurate definition of temperature assessed as fever. The aim of the present study was to examine the importance of C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cells, procalcitonin, and MR-proADM levels and DiffTemp.Methods: This prospective, comparative study had a quantitative approach. Forty-two patients, aged >18 years and presenting with severe cerebral trauma were included from a neurosurgery intensive care unit. The outcome variable was infection; group 0, no infection (n=11); group 1, suspected infection (n=15); and, group 2, confirmed infection (n=16). Group assignments were performed using biomarkers, medical records, bacterial cultures, and International Classification of Diseases-10, and by the clinical assessment of criteria for nosocomial infections by a neurosurgeon.Results: On comparing groups 1 and 2, MR-proADM and DiffTemp were associated with a higher risk of confirmed infection (odds ratio, 5.41 and 17.14, respectively). Additionally, DiffTemp had a 90.9% specificity in patients with no infection and a 93.8% sensitivity in patients with confirmed infections. CRP and procalcitonin levels were not associated with an increased risk of confirmed infection.Conclusion: Increased levels of MR-proADM were associated with a higher risk of confirmed infection. DiffTemp was associated with a higher risk of having a confirmed infection.
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