대만사람의 여가활동 참여와 행복감과 삶의 만족도의 관계

Huang, Hsin Ni 세종대학교 대학원 2022 국내석사

본 연구의 목적은 여가활동 참여가 대만사람의 행복감과 만족도에 미치는 영향을 조사하는 것이다. 행복감과 삶의 만족도는 비슷하지만 다른 이유는 이러한 요소가 많은 사람들의 생활 환경에서 행복감과 삶의 만족도를 변화시키기 때문이다. 현대에 사람들은 개인의 삶의 질을 중시하면서 여가생활과 지역 사회 발전 활동을 통해 생활환경을 변화시키고 조정한다. 많은 사람들이 여행을 하고 스포츠와 취미에 관심이 가지고 있다, 다른 사람들은 종교 활동에 참여하거나 지역 사회 발전 그룹에 가입하여 새로운 친구를 만나고 생활 환경을 변경한다. 주관적 웰빙은 주로 삶의 질에 대한 사람들의 전반적인 정서적, 인지적 평가를 의미한다. 그런 의미에서 사람의 행복 여부를 결정짓는 것은 실제로 일어난 일이 아니라 감정적으로 일어난 일을 어떻게 설명하고 인지에 어떤 변화를 주는가가 관건이다. 본 연구의 목적은 다양한 삶의 영역에서 대만인의 행복감과 만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 조사하는 것이다. 행복감의 개별적 특성을 연구하기 위하여 독립변수(인구통계학적 특성,성별, 여가활동 참여)와 종속변수(행복 및 전반적인 삶의 만족도) 영향관계를 사펴보고 그 결과를 설명한다. 순서 확률 모델의 결과는 본 연구에 시사점을 제공한다. Abstract Taiwanese participation in leisure activities and Relationship of Life Satisfaction HUANG HSIN NI Department of Hospitality Management The Graduate School Sejong University The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of participation in leisure activities on the happiness and satisfaction of Taiwanese people. Although happiness and life satisfaction are similar, the reason is that these factors change happiness and life satisfaction in the living environment of many people. In modern times, people change and adjust the living environment through leisure activities and community development activities while placing importance on the quality of individual life. Many people travel and are interested in sports and hobbies, others engage in religious activities or join community development groups to meet new friends and change their living environment. Subjective well-being mainly refers to people's overall emotional and cognitive evaluation of their quality of life. In that sense, what determines a person's happiness is not what actually happened, but how to explain what happened emotionally and what changes it makes to cognition. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that affect the happiness and satisfaction of Taiwanese in various areas of life. In order to study the individual characteristics of euphoria, the influence relationship between independent variables (demographic characteristics, gender, participation in leisure activities) and dependent variables (happiness and overall life satisfaction) is examined and the results are explained. The results of the ordinal probabilistic model provide implications for this study. Key Word: Happeniess. Life Santisfaction, Participation in Leisure activities, Taiwanese, Local Santisfaction.

Machine Learning Models and Uncertainty for Atomic Simulations

Zhan, Ni Carnegie Mellon University ProQuest Dissertations 2021 해외박사(DDOD)

As computational power grows, materials simulation becomes an increasingly valuable scientific tool. Simulations are used to calculate properties that are difficult to obtain experimentally, perform high-throughput design and discovery, and investigate material behavior and theory. Ultimately we want to push the time and length scales of simulation and connect atomic scale with continuum scale properties. There is a trade-off between accuracy and computational cost. One approach is to use machine learned (ML) potentials as fast, accurate approximations to quantum chemical methods. ML potentials are systematically improvable, and can be as accurate as density functional theory at much lower computational cost. Potential challenges are that ML potentials extrapolate, and it is nonobvious when extrapolation occurs and how to efficiently build the training dataset. In addition we would like to have uncertainty measurements of ML models and physically simulated properties.In this dissertation, we investigate the relationship between atomic scale and continuum properties in liquid Al-Si using molecular dynamics (MD). We study the local order using Voronoi polyhedrons and agglomerative clustering, which allowed us to analyze the large amount of data generated from MD trajectories in an efficient manner. We found that clusters have minimal effect on diffusion while increasing viscosity, which is a likely origin of the Stokes-Einstein deviation for liquid Al-Si at low temperatures near the melting point. This study demonstrates the value of MD simulation and using ML clustering and large datasets analysis to find new phenomena.In the next part, we build a neural network (NN) potential for a complex Ni-Al-W liquid alloy. We conducted hyperparameter studies on NN architecture and Behler-Parrinello fingerprints. The ML potential was iteratively tested in MD simulation and retrained with diverse dataset. The final potential achieved comparable results with ab initio simulation. We found that the NN potential extrapolated on inputs that were dissimilar from its training data, which motivates uncertainty quantification.We implement the multiparameter delta method for NN potentials (and generally for other nonlinear models) with parameters trained by least squares regression. The uncertainty measure requires the gradient of the model prediction and the Hessian of the loss function, both with respect to model parameters. We obtain the derivatives from ML software with automatic differentiation. We show that the uncertainty measure is larger for input space regions that are not part of the training data. Therefore this method can be used to identify extrapolation, aid in selecting training data, and assess model reliability.In the final part, we compare uncertainties of physical properties from delta method, Bayesian nonlinear regression, and Gaussian process (GP). Many physical properties of interest require derivatives, therefore we derived GP with joint distribution over a function and its first and second derivatives. We show that delta method and Bayesian nonlinear regression give model specific uncertainty while GP variance includes uncertainty with respect to model selection.

Impact of Microfinance on Rural Households in Myanmar: A Case Study of Kyaupadaung Township, Mandalay Regional Division, Central Myanmar

NI NI OO 연세대학교 정경대학원 2013 국내석사

Optimal Reactance Estimation by HTS Cable Shield Circuit Control Using OPF : OPF를 이용한 고온 초전도 케이블 쉴드 회로 제어에 의한 최적 리액턴스 산정

Ni Ni Wai 경북대학교 대학원 2015 국내석사

최근에는 수도권 지역에 전력수요가 지속적으로 증가하여 많은 양의 전력을 소모하고 있다. 대도시의 전력수요를 충족시키기 위해 대용량 전송 시스템이 필요하다. 전력수요 고밀도화에 대한 대책으로 지중케이블을 대용량화 하거나 복수화선을 증설하고 있으나, 도심 지하 공간은지하절, 수도, 가스, 통신 등이 복잡하게 얽혀있어 지중케이블용 관로와 전력구를 확보하는데 어려움이 많다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 손실이 적고 대용량 송전이 가능한 초전도 케이블 적용이 전력 계통 해법의 하나로 대두되고 있다. 그러므로 초전도 케이블에 대한 많은 연구가 한국뿐만 아니라 미국, 유럽, 일본 등의 선진국을 중심으로 국내외에서 진행되고 있다. 고온초전도 케이블은 절연방식에 따라 WD (Warm Dielectric) 형 초전도 케이블과 CD (Cold Dielectric) 형 초전도 케이블로 구분할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 CD 형 초전도 케이블 쉴드 회로의 리액턴스를 제어하여 계통에 적용된 선로 임피던스의 제어가능을 이용해서 조류제어와 최적 조류를 해석한다. 초전도케이블이 전력계통에서 낮은 손실로 적용 가능하지만, 케이블의 낮은 임피던스로 인하여 전력조류가 집중되는 현상이 나타난다. 전력계통에서 전력조류 집중현상은 계통안정도를 저해하는 요인이 된다. 논문에서는 정상상태에서 계통의 안정화를 위한 대 전력 전송과 계통의 요구에 부응하는 전력조류를 제어하기 위해 CD 형 초전도 케이블의 쉴드 회로 리액턴스를 제어하고 OPF (OPtimal Power Flow)를 해석한다. 시뮬레이션은 PSS/E에서 제공한 23 모선 시스템을 이용해서 선로 154-205를 초전도 케이블로 생각하여 초전도 케이블의 데이터를 입력하고 분석한다. 시뮬레이션은 PSS/E 와 파이선 프로그램을 연계하여 초전도 케이블 리액턴스의 변화, 제약조건을 이용하여 전송 손실과 발전비용의 최소화에 대한 정상상태 운전점을 찾는다.

River plan-form movement in an alluvial plain

Thein, Khin Ni Ni A.A.Balkema 1994 국내박사

Modeling the Impact of Large-Scale Disruptions on Supply Chain Networks and Their Recovery

Ni, Ni ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Rensselaer Polytec 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

As the world becomes increasingly turbulent and interlinked, supply chains are vulnerable to disruptions during extreme events such as hurricanes or earthquakes. It is increasingly important to measure the capability of supply chains to mitigate and recover from disruptions on different segments of supply chains. As a result, challenges for designing and operating resilient supply chains include the impact of disruptions on the production segment of supply chains, for example, damage to the facilities or suppliers of the system, those on the logistics segment, for example, damage to the terminals of multimodal freight transportation system, and those on the distribution segment, for example, damage to the retailers and `last mile' distribution of commodities within a certain area under disrupted local infrastructures (e.g., power, water, sewage, telecommunication and transportation systems). This dissertation focuses on three topics relating to this challenge: (1) designing resilient supply chains against disruptions on the production segment while modeling the impact of unmet demand on its customers, (2) examining the impact of disruptions on the logistics segment and modeling the rerouting of freight movement, and (3) modeling the impact of disruptions on the distribution segment in terms of the distribution of critical commercial services within a specific area where civil infrastructures have been damaged by extreme events. After the disruption on the production segment that causes diminished supply capacities, the supply chain faces the risk of losing customers due to unmet demand. Pre-event mitigation strategies will prepare the supply chain for various potential disruptions and then post-event restoration decisions are the response of it to a specific disruption. We build two-stage stochastic programming models to optimize the selection among assorted pre-event mitigation and post-event restoration strategies with an objective to minimize the cost from disruptions, including the cost of customer loss. We consider customer behaviors which require fulfillment of demand at a certain time after the disruption and those which require that a cumulative percentage of their demand must be met on-time after the disruption or, otherwise, the customer will leave the system. The insights from computational tests include observing that a `chain reaction' occurs after a disruption, which means that the supply chain system tends to lose the same subset of customers even when they are not served by the facilities impacted by disruption. Furthermore, different sets of post-event customer behaviors tend to favor the same pre-event mitigation strategies. When a disruption forces the terminals (e.g., airports, sea ports, railway stations) in multimodal freight transportation system to close or operate under limited capacity in a specific area, local suppliers who rely on these terminals to receive and send freight have to reroute the freight movement and reschedule manufacturing process, facing risks of failure to meet demand and soaring shipping cost during the restoration periods of terminals. In terms of the freight flowing through terminals, we consider the flows both entering terminals (e.g., flow of raw materials) and leaving terminals (e.g., flow of finished goods) and examine the interdependency between these bidirectional commodity flows. We build multi-period models to find an optimal combination of shipping modes over various transportation means for suppliers to deliver freight with an objective to maximize the flow of finished goods and adhering to a budget on overall shipping cost. We apply the model to Puerto Rico after Hurricane Irma and Maria and analyze the impact of disruptions to local airports, sea ports and highway system on the pharmaceutical manufacturers in Puerto Rico.When an extreme event occurs in a specific area, damage to the distribution segment as well as the cascading disruptions from damaged local infrastructures within the area will interrupt the distribution of critical commercial services (e.g., cash, fuel, basic food, pharmaceuticals) from retailers to customers. The recovery of supply chains is highly dependent on the restoration of civil infrastructures due to the interdependencies between these two sets of networks. Single-period, multi-commodity disruption models are built to examine the interdependencies and predict the outages in infrastructures and critical commercial services based on damage to infrastructures. Multi-period, multi-commodity restoration models are built to select and schedule the infrastructure restoration tasks after disruptive events with an objective to maximize the aggregated flows of utilities and commodities. We simulate Category 2, 3 and 4 hurricanes and apply the models to an artificial county with a population of a half million people. We especially look into the routing problem of distribution segment delivering basic food and pharmaceuticals within the county under disrupted transportation systems. We analyze the contribution of local businesses to community resilience and how the inventory placement of local businesses impact the post-event performance of the critical commercial services within the county. Insights from the disruption model include that the damage to infrastructures may not necessarily lead to outages due to redundancy of resources in the county. Computational tests of the restoration model show that coordinated infrastructure restoration decisions with critical commercial services into consideration are important in increasing community resilience and help reduce the unmet demand of critical commercial services in a more efficient manner.

The Effect of Principal Elements on Defect Evolution in Single-Phase Solid Solution Ni Alloys

Yang, Tai Ni ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Mich 2018 해외박사(DDOD)

Russian Diplomacy towards Korea : 1860-1884

Ni Irina Sogang University Graduate School 2010 국내석사

한국은1880년대에 세계로의 문을 열게 된 즈음에 '러시아 위험'에 대한 지나친(inflated) 두려움을 가지고 있었고 이는 한국의 외교정책 결정에 직결되었다. 사실 이러한 '오해'는 주변 강대국(특히, 중국)에 의해 조작된 측면이 없지 않았고, 한국은 결과적으로 러시아를 견제하기 위해 서구열강들과 조약을 체결했다. 그러나, 당시 러시아는 자신의 위협을 극동지역 내에서 실행할 능력이 부족했을 뿐만 아니라 팽창주의적 의도를 가졌다고 보기도 어려운 상황이었다. 왜냐하면, 러시아는 현상유지(status quo)를 선호하고 있었기 때문이다. 그 때문에 러시아는 '기다리는(wait-and-see)'정책을 유지하고 있었으나 주변국과 서구열강의 '러시아 위험'에 대한 두려움은 약화되지 않았다. 따라서, 본 논문은 이러한 가설을 바탕으로 러시아의 진정한 의도를 그 외교적 행동을 통해 밝힐 것이다. The purpose of the current work is to show that before the opening of Korea in the 1880s, an inflated understanding of a “Russian danger” led to the formation of complex policies for Korea, a key element of which led to the signing of treaties with Western powers in order to check the Russian threat. However, we will see that in reality Russia did not present any threat, first of all because of its limited capabilities to do so at that time and ultimately because her intentions were not expansionists. For Russia the status-quo was the most desirable condition. That is why Russia was following a policy of “wait-and-see”, which was in turn misread by other states. To clarify Russia’s intentions in the region at that time, a final discussion of their diplomatic actions will be divided into sections based on time periods in a way that will explore the above dynamics as well as how they played a part in the relations of Korea and Russia near the turn of the 19th century.

An Experimental Study on Heat Transfer Enhancement Using Motionless Mixer Element Inserts

NI, JING Chonnam national University 2009 국내박사

Many heat transfer enhanced techniques have simultaneously been developed for the improvement of energy consumption, material saving, size reduction and pumping power reduction. Using of inserts in tubes is a typical technique that offers a higher heat transfer increase and, at the same time, only a mild pressure drop. This study investigated experimentally the heat transfer characteristics and pressure drop of a horizontal double tube heat exchanger with motionless mixer elements inserted in the inner tube. The motionless mixer element inserts adopted in this paper were SMXLO and SMXLH elements. The flow rate of test water with constant temperature and the temperature of heated water with constant flow rate were varied. The test water flow rate corresponding to Re values was varied from 1900 to 8000 and the heated water temperature were 55°C, 75°C and 95°C. The experimental results were compared with the referenced experimental data of the empty tubes. The SMXLH motionless mixer element insert with holes having about 22% areas per unit element was designed to decrease the pressure drop compared with the SMXLO one.The friction factor of SMXLH insert was about 18% lower than that of SMXLO.The correlated friction factor of SMXLH insert was about 6.3 times lower than that of Li et al. and about 4.4 times higher than that of Blasius, and the friction factor of SMXLO insert was about 5.1 times lower than that of Li et al. and about 5.4 times higher than that of Blasius. The heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number of SMXLH insert was about 5.5% lower than that of SMXLO, and the heat transfer coefficients of SMXLH and SMXLO inserts was about 2.78 and 2.94 times higher than that of empty tube. The increasing rate of the heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number with increasing the annulus water temperature was lower than that of temperature difference of annulus. The friction factor of SMXLH insert was about 18% lower than that of SMXLO insert in the case of heated water temperature 75℃, while the Nusselt numbers of SMXLH insert was only about 6% lower than that of SMXLO insert. 에너지의 효율적인 이용, 열전달 설비의 소재 및 크기의 최적화를 위한 열전달 촉진기술에 대한 연구개발이 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 튜브내에 구조물이 삽입된 열교환기에서는 구조물의 영향으로 혼합이 촉진되며 열전달율이 증가하게 된다. 본 연구는 내부 튜브에 정적믹서 엘리먼트가 장착된 이중관 열교환기의 전열특성과 압력손실에 대한 실험적 규명을 목적으로 한다. 이중관 열교환기의 내부튜브에 삽입된 정적믹서 엘리먼트는 SMXLO형과SMXLH형이며, 실험변수는 일정한 온도의 시험유체의 유량변화와 균일 유량의 가열유체의 온도변화로 설정하였다. 시험유체의 유량변화는 1900<Re<8000의 범위이며, 가열유체의 온도는 55℃, 75℃ 그리고 95℃로 설정하였다. 장방형의 바에 홀을 갖는 구조의 SMXLH형은 SMXLO형에 비해 압력손실을 줄이기 위해 엘리먼트당 22%의 면적에 해당하는 홀을 가공하였다. SMXLH형의 마찰인자는 SMXLO형에 비해 약 18% 정도 감소하였다. SMXLH형의 마찰인자에 대한 상관관계식의 결과는 Li et al.의 마찰인자 보다는 약 6.3배 낮게, Blasius의 결과보다는 약 4.4배 높게 나타났으며, SMXLO형의 결과는 Li et al.의 마찰인자 보다는 약 5.1배 낮게, Blasius의 결과보다는 약 5.4배 높게 나타났다. SMXLH형의 열전달 계수와 Nu수는 SMXLO형에 비해 약 5.5% 정도 감소하였으며, SMXLH형과 SMXLO형의 열전달 계수는 정적 믹서 엘리먼트가 장착되지 않은 경우에 비해 약 2.78배와 2.94배 정도 높게 나타났다. 가열유체의 온도증가가 75℃인 경우에, SMXLO형의 압력손실은 SMXLH형에 비해 약 18% 정도 높지만, SMXLO형의 Nu수는 SMXLH형에 비해 약 6% 정도만 높게 나타나는 것을 알 수 있다.

Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates by volatile aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria

Ni, Yu-Yang 忠南大學校 大學院 2014 국내박사

The objective of this study is to develop an efficient production process to achieve a high yield of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers) compounds by either pure or defined mixed cultures. An efficient and novel substrate feeding strategy for enhancing both cell growth and PHAs production yield in reactor was designed and employed. To fulfill these purposes, following experiments were performed. A BTE-degrading isolate, Pseudomonas fulva TY16, was investigated for its capability to synthesize medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (MCL-PHAs) from volatile aromatic compounds including benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene (BTE) as the sole carbon substrate. Particularly, to reduce the cellular toxicity of BTE compounds and to enhance both the growth and PHA biosynthesis of P. fulva TY16, a continuous feeding system was designed to constantly supply a low concentration of volatile aromatic substrates into a jar fermentor. The system was successfully applied to the fed-batch production of MCL-PHAs in a high yield using BTE as the sole carbon substrate. When toluene supplied at a feeding rate of 0.42 g/L/h, the growth of TY16 reached 3.87 g/L after 48 h of cultivation and the cellular level of accumulated MCL-PHA was 58.9% of dry cell weight (DCW) with a conversion yield (Yp/s) of 0.113 g/g, which was very comparable to the results obtained from batch cultures. These results provide the possibility of producing MCL-PHAs from toxic petrochemical wastes. A P. putida MY21 strain capable of producing both short-chain-length (SCL-) and medium-chain-length (MCL-) PHAs from a range of carbon substrates including xylene isomers (p- and m-xylene) was isolated. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed a high expression levels of the genes (phaC1 and phaC2) for MCL-PHA synthase under carbon and nitrogen dual limited conditions when the organism was grown on PHA-unrelated carbon substrates (gluconate and xylen isomers). The expression levels of MCL-PHA synthase genes were also high when grown on PHA-related carbon substrates (fatty acids). In contrast, high expression of SCL-PHA synthase gene was observed when the unrelated carbon substrates were not limited in the medium. The present results indicated that the requirement of a nutrient limitation for the production of SCL- and MCL-PHAs varies depending upon the carbon substrates used. The potential use of BTEX as the carbon substrates for the production of PHAs by activated sludge was investigated. The enrichment of bacterial populations, capable of producing PHAs from BTEX, was achieved by periodic feeding with the mixture of BTEX in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of the bacterial community revealed that Pseudomonas and Sphingobium were predominant strains during the SBR process. The mixed culture collected at the end of the SBR run was inoculated into a mineral medium containing each BTEX compound as the sole carbon substrate. The composition of PHA synthesized by the enriched biomass consisted of 3-hydroxybutyrate (>88 mol%) and 3-hydroxyvalerate. The PHA yields from these substrates were in the range of 8 ~ 34% of dry cell weight. The most representative bacterial genus enriched in the medium containing p- and m-xylene was Pseudomonas, while the genus Sphingobium was commonly dominant in the medium containing benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, or o-xylene. These results suggested that periodic feeding (feast and famine regime) with BTEX in the SBR is effective for the enrichment of PHA-producing microorganisms present in the activated sludge and that production of PHAs by mixed cultures is a promising alternative to typical pure culture approaches.