The Interplay of Parental Financial Behaviour and Financial Literacy and The Moderating Effects of Parental Income

Adam Ndou People&Global Business Association 2023 Global Business and Finance Review Vol.28 No.6

Purpose: The moderating effect of parental income on parental financial behaviour and financial literacy is increasingly becoming important. The objective of this study was to determine whether the relationship between parental financial behaviour and financial literacy of young adults is moderated by parental income. Design/methodology/approach: Financial literacy was measured through financial knowledge, financial behaviour, financial attitudes, and financial decision-making. Quantitative research approach was adopted for this study. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data among young adults in South Africa. Moderated regression analysis was used to analyse data. Four hypotheses were tested. Findings: The results showed that Parental income moderated the relationship of Parental financial behaviour with financial behaviour, financial attitude, and financial decision-making. Furthermore, the results indicated that parental income did not moderate the relationship of Parental financial behaviour and financial knowledge. Therefore, the overall results indicated that the relationship between parental financial behaviour and financial literacy is moderated by parental income. Research limitations/implications: Due to the low levels of general literacy among the respondents, which negatively affected data collection; some young adults did not understand the questionnaire and withdrew from participating in the study. Furthermore, even though confidentiality and anonymity were guaranteed, respondents were reluctant to participate in the study. They feared exposing their financial position and displayed a lack of trust. Originality/value: This study is amongst the first to investigate whether the relationship between parental financial behaviour and financial literacy is moderated by parental income. This study concluded by providing recommendations and suggestions for future research.

The Interplay of Parental Financial Behaviour and Financial Literacy and The Moderating Effects of Parental Income

Adam Ndou 사람과세계경영학회 2023 Global Business and Finance Review Vol.28 No.-

Purpose: The moderating effect of parental income on parental financial behaviour and financial literacy is increasingly becoming important. The objective of this study was to determine whether the relationship between parental financial behaviour and financial literacy of young adults is moderated by parental income. Design/methodology/approach: Financial literacy was measured through financial knowledge, financial behaviour, financial attitudes, and financial decision-making. Quantitative research approach was adopted for this study. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data among young adults in South Africa. Moderated regression analysis was used to analyse data. Four hypotheses were tested. Findings: The results showed that Parental income moderated the relationship of Parental financial behaviour with financial behaviour, financial attitude, and financial decision-making. Furthermore, the results indicated that parental income did not moderate the relationship of Parental financial behaviour and financial knowledge. Therefore, the overall results indicated that the relationship between parental financial behaviour and financial literacy is moderated by parental income. Research limitations/implications: Due to the low levels of general literacy among the respondents, which negatively affected data collection; some young adults did not understand the questionnaire and withdrew from participating in the study. Furthermore, even though confidentiality and anonymity were guaranteed, respondents were reluctant to participate in the study. They feared exposing their financial position and displayed a lack of trust. Originality/value: This study is amongst the first to investigate whether the relationship between parental financial behaviour and financial literacy is moderated by parental income. This study concluded by providing recommendations and suggestions for future research.

Parental Financial Socialisation of Young Black African Adults in South Africa

Adam Ndou People & Global Business Association 2024 Global Business and Finance Review Vol.29 No.1

Purpose: Parental financial socialisation is necessary to help young adults to effectively manage their finances and improve their financial well-being. This study examined parental financial socialisation of young black African adults by their parents in rural and low-income area in South Africa. Design/methodology/approach: Parental financial socialisation was measured through parental financial behaviour, parental financial monitoring, parental financial discussions, parental financial communications, and parental finan-cial teaching. This study adopted quantitative research approach and self-administered questionnaire to collect data from young black African adults in Fetakgomo Tubatse and Intsika Yethu municipalities because these municipal-ities are the most rural and low-income areas in South Africa. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse data. The composite score was calculated to determine parental financial socialisation. Findings: The overall score of Parental financial socialisation was 53%, which is moderate. Thus, young black African adults are financially socialised by their parents. This result was surprising as parents in rural and low-income areas uphold cultural norms and values and consider discussing certain issues like money with children a taboo. Research limitations/implications: Due to the low levels of general literacy among the respondents, which neg-atively affected data collection; some young adults did not understand the questionnaire and withdrew from partic-ipating in the study. Furthermore, even though confidentiality and anonymity were guaranteed, respondents were reluctant to participate in the study. They feared exposing their financial position and displayed a lack of trust. Originality/value: This study is the first to investigate parental financial socialisation of young black African adults in rural and low-income area in South Africa. This study concluded by providing recommendations and suggestions for future research.

Osteoblastogenesis and osteolysis in the Zucker Diabetic Sprague Dawley rat humerus head

Gcwalisile Frances Dlamini,Robert Ndou 대한해부학회 2023 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.56 No.4

The endocrinology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its predisposing factors have been studied extensively while its skeletal effects have received negligible research despite this being a global disease. The cellular and molecular association between proximal humeral fractures and T2D has not been fully elucidated. We aimed to study bone cell quantities and immunolabel osteogenic and antiosteogenic cytokines. The study used 12-week-old rats (23 males) consisting of 8 Sprague Dawley (SD) and 15 Zucker Diabetic Sprague Dawley (ZDSD). Weekly mass measurements were taken while fasting blood glucose levels were recorded every 2 weeks with oral glucose tolerance tests conducted once every 4 weeks. Upon termination at the age of 28 weeks, humeri were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, prior to decalcification in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The bone samples were then processed in ascending grades of alcohol using an automatic processor before embedding in paraffin wax. Sections were cut at 5 μm thickness in a series for Haematoxylin and Eosin stain, and immunohistochemistry was performed with the anti-tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), anti-alkaline phosphatase (ALP), anti-bone morphogenetic protein 3 (BMP3), anti-transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1), anti-aged glycation end product (AGE) antibodies in the sequence. ZDSD rats had more adipocytes, BMP3 and AGEs expression with higher numbers of TRAP positive osteocytes and fewer ALP cells although no differences were found in TGFβ1 immunopositivity. We also found that T2D increases the number of AGEs immuno-positive cells, as well as its extracellular expression, thus providing a conducive environment for the interaction of the osteogenic cytokine and its antagonist to suppress osteoblastogenesis. ZDSD groups had higher adipocyte numbers therefore increased marrow adiposity in T2D.

Fiber source and inclusion level affects characteristics of excreta from growing pigs

Mpendulo, Conference Thando,Chimonyo, Michael,Ndou, Saymore Petros,Bakare, Archibold Garikayi Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2018 Animal Bioscience Vol.31 No.5

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the influence of varying fibrous diets on fecal characteristics of growing pigs. Methods: A total of 104 pigs (initial weight $18{\pm}2.0kg$) were used in the study. They were housed in individual pens and fed on diets containing maize cob, grass hay, lucerne hay, maize stover, and sunflower husk. These fibers were included at 0, 80, 160, 240, 320 and 400 g/kg. Fecal and urine samples were collected. Results: Fecal output was largest amongst pigs fed on diets containing grass hay and maize stover (p<0.05). Nitrogen content was highest in feces from pigs fed on sunflower husk (p<0.05). Pigs fed on diets containing maize stover and maize cobs produced the largest concentrations of short chain fatty acids. Acetate concentration was high in feces of pigs fed maize stover than those fed grass hay and lucerne hay (p<0.05). As the level of fiber inclusion increased, fecal consistency and nitrogen content increased linearly (p<0.05). Urea nitrogen decreased as the inclusion level increased across all the fibers (p<0.05), with maize cobs containing the largest content of urea nitrogen. As dietary fiber content increased, fecal nitrogen content also increased (p<0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that different fiber sources influence fecal characteristics, thereby having different implications on pig waste management. It is vital to monitor fiber inclusion thresholds so as to easily manage environmental pollutants such as butyrate that contribute to odors.

Growth Performance and Behaviour in Grouped Pigs Fed Fibrous Diet

Bakare, A.G.,Madzimure, J.,Ndou, S.P.,Chimonyo, M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2014 Animal Bioscience Vol.27 No.8

The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of feeding fibrous diets on growth performance and occurrence of aggressive behaviours in growing pigs. Sixty healthy castrated pigs (initial body weight: $46.7{\pm}4.35$ kg) were used. A basal diet was diluted with maize cobs to two levels (0 and 160 g/kg dry matter). Behavioural activities were observed using video cameras for three weeks, 8 h/d starting at 0800 h. Pigs subjected to control diet gained more weight compared to pigs receiving fibrous diet in week 1 (0.47 vs 0.15 kg, respectively) and 2 (1.37 vs 1.04, respectively) (p<0.05). Average daily gain was not affected by treatment diet in the third week. Pigs on high fibrous spent more time eating, lying down, standing, walking and fighting (p<0.05) compared to pigs on control diet. Time spent eating increased as the weeks progressed whilst time spent lying down decreased. Time of day had an effect on time spent on different behavioural activities exhibited by all pigs on different treatment diet (p<0.05). Inactivity was greatest in 5th (1200 to 1300 h) hour of the day for all the pigs on different dietary treatments. Skin lesions appeared the most on neck and shoulder region followed by chest, stomach and hind leg region, and finally head region (p<0.05). Pigs on high fibre diet had more skin lesions in all body regions compared to pigs on control diet (p<0.05). It can be concluded that the high fibrous diet with maize cobs did not affect growth performance and also did not reduce aggressive behaviours. Aggressive behaviours emanated out of frustration when queuing on the feeder. The findings of this study suggest that maize cobs can be included at a level of 160 g/kg in diets of pigs. However, to reduce the level of aggression more feeding space should be provided.