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( Remi Murao ),( Shuang Tian ) 범태평양응용언어학회 2016 범태평양응용언어학회지 Vol.20 No.1
The present study examined the use of prosody in semantic and syntactic disambiguation by means of comparison between Japanese and Chinese speakers` production of English sentences. In Chinese and Japanese, lexical prosody is more prominent than sentence prosody, and the sentential meaning contrast is usually realized through particles or a change in word order instead of prosodic cues. In order to find out whether Chinese and Japanese speakers of English can produce prosodic differences when they are aware of the syntactic and semantic ambiguity of the sentence, a read-aloud experiment was conducted. The results indicated that both Japanese and Chinese speakers were able to represent the difference of meaning by means of pause and the rising or falling of pitch at the final position of a sentence, which was reflected by their performance on boundary and tag questions. However, it was difficult for them to represent the difference of focus and phrase structure type merely by means of prosody. These findings suggest that some aspects of English prosody, such as a compound accent that is opposite to that of Japanese and Chinese, a phrasal accent that is peculiar to some degree, and an emphatic focus, require more consideration than other aspects. Furthermore, regardless of whether they are Japanese or Chinese learners of English, learners should expend more time and concentration on practicing the specific patterns of prosody that relate to semantic or syntactic disambiguation in English.
( Kenji S. Murao ),( Taylor K. Bloedon ),( Rock Braithwaite ),( Young Sub Kwon ) 한국체육학회 2018 International journal of human movement science Vol.12 No.1
The purpose of this study was to develop a sports-specific anaerobic capacity test for soccer players that could be administered on commercial treadmills found in most exercise facilities. The Anaerobic Speed Test (AST) is an anaerobic capacity test on a treadmill, however the testing protocol (20% incline, 214 meter/min) cannot be completed on commercial treadmills because they have a maximum incline setting of 15%. This study newly developed the modified Anaerobic Speed Test (mAST) protocol (15% incline, 244 meter/min) through the use of an ACSM metabolic equation to predict energy expenditure equivalent to that of the AST. Fifteen NCAA Division II male soccer players (mean ± SD, age = 20 ± 1.9 yr; height = 181.3 ± 7.9 cm; weight = 74.8 ± 5.2 kg) participated in this study. Subjects participated in three testing days, one AST trial and two mAST trials all done on separate days, and total run time in seconds was recorded for each trial. Mean AST run times (60.5 ± 10.6) had a significantly positive correlation (p<0.001) with mean trial 1 mAST run times (71.9 ± 9.5). Mean trial 1 mAST run times (71.9 ± 9.5) had a significantly strong, positive correlation (p<0.001) with mean trial 2 mAST run times (75.7±10.2). These findings suggest that the mAST is a valid and reliable measure of anaerobic capacity that is sports-specific to running-type athletes and can be administered on commercial treadmills.
EVALUATION OF OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS BASED ON CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION
Ohta, Sachio,Murao, Naoto 대한원격탐사학회 1997 International Symposium on Remote Sensing Vol.13 No.1
Optical properties (single scattering albedo and volume extinction coefficient) of atmospheric aerosols were evaluated based on chemical characterization. Atmospheric fine particles, aerosols less than 2 μm in diameter, were collected on filters in Sapporo and chemically analyzed. The fine particles were made up of nine components such as elemental carbon, organics, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, sea-salt cations, soil and water. Based on the chemical characterization, the single scattering albedo and the volume extinction coefficient of aerosols in Okinawa were evaluated by calculation with Mie scattering theory.
Deposition of Aerosols on Leaves in a Cool-temperate Larch Forest in Northern Hokkaido, Japan
Fukazawa Tatsuya,Murao Naoto,Sato Hisashi,Takahashi Masahiro,Akiyama Masayuki,Yamaguchi Takashi,Noguchi Izumi,Takahashi Hiroyuki,Kozuka Chikara,Sakai Rei,Takagi Kentaro,Fujinuma Yasumi,Saigusa Nobuko 한국대기환경학회 2012 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.6 No.4
Aerosol concentrations at the CC-Lag site in the Teshio Experimental Forest increased from winter to spring and sometimes showed extremely high values associated with Kosa and/or forest-fire events. The range and mean of the mass concentrations of aerosol chemical species were as follows: total particulate mass, 1.2-29, 5.0; elemental carbon, 0.061-2.2, 0.43; organic carbon, 0.059-3.5, 0.79; and sulfate,0.12-6.2, 1.8 μg/m3. The total masses of the deposited particles on hybrid larch and on bamboo leaves were approximately 35 and 30 μg/cm2, respectively. The amounts of soil particles on the leaves were 6 μg/cm2 for the upper part of hybrid larch, 2μg/cm2 for the lower part of hybrid larch, and 1 μg/cm2 for Sasa bamboo leaves. The amounts of deposited black carbon were 2.3 μg/cm2 for the upper part of hybrid larch, 0.6 μg/cm2 for the lower part of hybrid larch, and 0.2 μg/cm2 for Sasa bamboo leaves. Half of the total deposited particular mass was attached on the hybrid larch; however, most of the total deposited mass was adhered on the Sasa bamboo leaves. Regardless of the species, there tend to be more deposited particles on the leaves in the upper part than in the lower part, with only a few meters height difference. Comparing the composition of the deposited particles to that of the atmospheric aerosols without any size cut, the fractions of water-soluble material sulfate and sea salt in the deposited aerosols were about one tenth and one hundredth lower than that in the aerosols, respectively. On the basis of the measured concentration and the deposited amount on leaves, the deposition velocity of black carbon was estimated to be approximately 0.5 cm/s. Aerosol concentrations at the CC-Lag site in the Teshio Experimental Forest increased from winter to spring and sometimes showed extremely high values associated with Kosa and/or forest-fire events. The range and mean of the mass concentrations of aerosol chemical species were as follows: total particulate mass, 1.2-29, 5.0; elemental carbon, 0.061-2.2, 0.43; organic carbon, 0.059-3.5, 0.79; and sulfate,0.12-6.2, 1.8 μg/m3. The total masses of the deposited particles on hybrid larch and on bamboo leaves were approximately 35 and 30 μg/cm2, respectively. The amounts of soil particles on the leaves were 6 μg/cm2 for the upper part of hybrid larch, 2μg/cm2 for the lower part of hybrid larch, and 1 μg/cm2 for Sasa bamboo leaves. The amounts of deposited black carbon were 2.3 μg/cm2 for the upper part of hybrid larch, 0.6 μg/cm2 for the lower part of hybrid larch, and 0.2 μg/cm2 for Sasa bamboo leaves. Half of the total deposited particular mass was attached on the hybrid larch; however, most of the total deposited mass was adhered on the Sasa bamboo leaves. Regardless of the species, there tend to be more deposited particles on the leaves in the upper part than in the lower part, with only a few meters height difference. Comparing the composition of the deposited particles to that of the atmospheric aerosols without any size cut, the fractions of water-soluble material sulfate and sea salt in the deposited aerosols were about one tenth and one hundredth lower than that in the aerosols, respectively. On the basis of the measured concentration and the deposited amount on leaves, the deposition velocity of black carbon was estimated to be approximately 0.5 cm/s.