Towards a Knowledge Recipe for State Corporations in the Financial Sector in Kenya

Humphrey Moturi,Tom Kwanya,Philemon Chebon 건국대학교 지식콘텐츠연구소 2020 International Journal of Knowledge Content Develop Vol.10 No.3

Effects of dietary arginine in ameliorating the deleterious effects induced by mycotoxins on growth, immune system, body organs in growing pigs

Joseph Moturi,SeYoung Yoon,Abdolreza Hosseindoust,Sang Hun Ha,Habeeb Tajudeen,문준영,사수진,Jin-Soo Kim 한국축산학회 2022 한국축산학회지 Vol.64 No.4

Mycotoxin contamination in pig feeds has a negative impact on growth performance, the immune system, and major body organs. Arginine (Arg) plays an important role in animals’ body biochemistry and physiology. This study aimed to determine the effect of dietary Arg supplementation on mitigating the negative effects of mycotoxins in growing pigs. A total of 72 growing pigs (Landrace × Large white) with initial mean body weight (BW) = 55 ± 2.5 kg were allotted to four treatment groups with three replicates per group of six pigs per replicate in a completely randomized design. The treatments included a non-toxin diet with 1.2% Arg (NT1.2) and mycotoxin-challenged treatments supplemented with 1.2% Arg (TX1.2), 1.3% Arg (TX1.3), and 1.4% Arg (TX1.4). Statistical analysis of data included the effects of dietary level of Arg. The results indicated a significantly higher BW (p < 0.05), average daily gain (p < 0.05), and gain-to-feed ratio (p < 0.05) in the NT1.2 group than in the TX1.2, TX1.3, and TX1.4 groups. The relative weight of the liver was higher (p < 0.05) in the TX1.2 compared to that of the NT1.2 group, although it was not different from that of TX1.3 and TX1.4. The level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha was significantly up-regulated (p < 0.05) in the liver tissue of the TX1.2 group compared to that of the other treatments. Overall, dietary Arg supplementation remedied liver injury and alleviated the compromised immune system caused by mycotoxin toxicity.

Effects of various cooling methods and drinking water temperatures on reproductive performance and behavior in heat stressed sows

Habeeb Tajudeen,Joseph Moturi,Abdolreza Hosseindoust,Sang Hun Ha,문준영,YoHan Choi,Soo-Jin Sa,Jin-Soo Kim 한국축산학회 2022 한국축산학회지 Vol.64 No.4

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of multiple cooling systems and different drinking water temperatures (DWT) on the performance of sows and their hair cortisol levels during heat stress. In this study, the effect of four different cooling systems: air conditioner (AC), cooling pad (CP), snout cooling (SC), and mist spray (MS), and two DWT, namely low water temperature (LWT) and high water temperature (HWT) on 48 multiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; 242.84 ± 2.89 kg) was tested. The experiment is based on the use of eight replicas during a 21-days test. Different behaviors were recorded under different cooling treatments in sows. As a result, behaviors such as drinking, standing, and position change were found to be lower in sows under the AC and CP treatments than in those under the SC and MS treatments. Lying behavior increased under the AC and CP systems as compared with that under the SC and MS, systems. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) in sows and weight at weaning in piglets was higher under the AC, CP, and LWT treatments than under the SC, MS and HWT treatments. Sows subjected to SC and MS treatment showed higher hair cortisol levels, rectal temperature, and respiratory rate during lactation than those under AC and CP treatments. Hair cortisol levels, rectal temperature, and respiratory rate were also higher under the HWT than under the LWT treatment. As per the results of this study, the LWT has no significant effect on any of the behavioral factors. Taken together, the use of AC and CP cooling treatment is highly recommended to improve the behavior and to reduce the stress levels in lactating sows.

Night feeding in lactating sows is an essential management approach to decrease the detrimental impacts of heat stress

( Yohan Choi ),( Joseph Moturi ),( Abdolreza Hosseindoust ),( Minju Kim ),( Kwangyeol Kim ),( Junhyung Lee ),( Changhyun Song ),( Younghwa Kim ),( Byungjo Chae ) 한국축산학회 2019 한국축산학회지 Vol.61 No.6

The present study investigated the litter performance of multiparous sows had different feeding frequencies during summer season. A total of 60 crossbred multiparous sows was allotted to one of two treatments based on body weight (BW) according to a completely randomized design. Two different feeding frequencies based on NRC (National Research Council) were applied as conventional feeding (T1; 2 kg per meal at 06:00, 11:00, and 17:00) and night feeding (T2; 1.5 kg per meal at 06:00, 11:00, 17:00, and 2 kg at 22:00). Sows in T2 treatment had lower (p < 0.05) BW changes during lactation. The backfat thickness change of sows was decreased in T2 treatment during lactation (p < 0.05). The daily feed intake differed significantly between T1 and T2 with increased feed intake of the T2 group at 5.47 kg/d to 5.14 kg/d in the T1 group (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in total weight of weaned piglets between T1 (70.50 kg) and T2 (74.34 kg). A greater total litter weight gain was observed in sows in T2 treatment. Night feeding is suggested for lactating sows with significant beneficial effects on litter growth during summer season.

Supplementation of enzyme cocktail in chickens diet is an effective approach to increase the utilization of nutrient in wheat-based diets

( Hanseo Ko ),( Hwan Ku Kang ),( Joseph Moturi ),( Santosh Laxman Ingale ),( Jinsoo Kim ) 한국축산학회(구 한국동물자원과학회) 2021 한국축산학회지 Vol.63 No.1

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing enzyme cocktail on growth performance, digestibility of nutrients, and monosaccharide concentration in ileum and ceca of broiler chickens fed wheat-based diets. A total of 600 male broilers (42.26 ± 1.76 g, 0 day old) were used for 35 days of feeding trial consisting of 2 phases (starter phase from d 0 to 21 and finisher phase from d 21 to 35). Four dietary treatments were prepared based on wheat diets containing four levels of enzyme cocktail supplementation at 0, 0.2, 0.3, and 20 g/ kg. Overall, dietary enzyme cocktail supplementation decreased feed conversion ratio (linear p = 0.007; quadratic p = 0.013) and improved (linear p < 0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein, and soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides. The apparent total tract digestibility of DM and gross energy were increased (linear p < 0.01) with increasing supplementation levels of the dietary enzyme cocktail. The concentrations of arabinose, xylose, mannose, and glucose in ileal digesta were linearly increased (p < 0.01) with increasing enzyme cocktail supplementation levels. In addition, the quadratic effect was observed (quadratic p = 0.046) in mannose concentration of ileal digesta. The concentration of arabinose, xylose, mannose, and galactose in cecal digesta was increased (linear p < 0.05) with increasing dietary enzyme cocktail supplementation levels. The supplementation of enzyme cocktail efficiently increased the utilization of nutrients in broiler and there was no adverse effects of high dosage supplementation level.

Supplementation of nano-zinc in lower doses as an alternative to pharmacological doses of ZnO in weanling pigs

( Taegyun Kim ),( Minju Kim ),( Junhyung Lee ),( Joseph Moturi ),( Sanghun Ha ),( Habeeb Tajudeen ),( Junyoung Mun ),( Abdolreza Hosseindoust ),( Byungjo Chae ) 한국축산학회 2022 한국축산학회지 Vol.64 No.1

A set of studies was performed to determine the influence of dietary ZnO concentration and source during two phases (days 0 to 14 and days 15 to 28). Experiment 1: 168 weaned piglets were allocated to four treatment groups in six replicates. The treatments included a basal diet without ZnO supplementation (control), 2,500 mg ZnO/kg (In2500), 500 mg nano-ZnO/ kg (N500), and 150 mg nano-ZnO/kg (N150). Experiment 2: 168 weaned piglets were divided into three treatment groups with eight replicates. The treatments included control, In2500, N300, and 150 mg nano-ZnO/kg (N150). An in vitro trial showed that the growth of Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium was inhibited when exposed to 300 and 500 ppm of ZnO after 24 h of incubation. In experiment 1, the average daily gain (ADG) by the pigs was improved in the N500 and IN2500 treatment groups. Colonization of coliforms and Clostridium spp. significantly decreased in the pigs fed the N500 and IN2500 diets in phase 1. The total plasma antioxidant capacity was greater in the IN2500 and N500 treatment groups than in the control. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was greater in pigs fed the IN2500 (phase 1) or the IN2500 and N500 (phase 2) diets than in the control and N150 treatment group. In experiment 2, pigs in the N300 treatment group showed a higher ADG and lower fecal score colonization of coliforms and Clostridium spp. compared with those in the N150 treatment group. In conclusion, nano-ZnO at a dose of 300 ppm showed the same growth as the pharmacological dose of Zn. This provides an option to the pharmacological dose.

환경 온도와 등지방두께가 포유모돈의 번식성적, 혈액 특성, 호르몬 성상 및 유 성상에 미치는 영향

이석희,김광열,Hosseindoust Abdolreza,최요한,김태균,문준영,Joseph Moturi,김진수,채병조 강원대학교 동물생명과학연구소(구 강원대학교 동물자원공동연구소) 2020 동물자원연구 Vol.31 No.4

본 연구는 환경 온도와 등지방 두께(BT)가 모돈의 번식능력에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해서 수행되었다. 실험은 포유모돈 60두를 공시하였고, 2×2 factorial arrangement에 따라 각 처리구는 두 수준의 사육 온도(high temperature [HT], 27.5±1.76℃; low temperature [LT], 23.3±0.89℃) 및 BT(<20mm, 평균 17.70mm; ≥20mm, 평균 23.20mm)로 나누어 2019년 7월부터 8월까지 2개월 동안 실시하였다. 실험 결과 HT 처리구에서 등지방두께 변이폭이 크고, 사료 섭취량은 적은 것으로 나타났다. <20mm BT 처리구가 ≥20mm BT 처리구에 비하여 체중 손실과 등지방 손실이 적은 것으로 나타났다. <20mm BT 처리구의 재귀발정일(<20mm 5.20, 4.93d vs. ≥20mm 5.87, 5.60d)이 ≥20mm BT 처리구보다 짧은 것으로 나타났다. 포유자돈 생존률은 LT 처리구(94.87%) 보다 HT 처리구(90.31%)에서 더 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 자돈의 이유체중과 일일증체량은 BT가 ≥20mm 이상인 모돈(각각 5.49kg 및 188.41g)보다 BT가 <20mm미만인 모돈(각각 5.75kg 및 201.46g)에서 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. HT 처리구의 모돈은 LT 처리구의 모돈 보다 코티솔 농도가 더 높았다(post farrowing: HT 7.86ug/mL vs. LT 6.04ug/mL; weanling: HT 5.48ug/mL vs. LT 4.40ug/mL). 결론적으로 환경 온도는 모돈의 번식과 코티솔 수치에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, BT가 높은 모돈은 열 스트레스를 받을 때 이유에서 발정까지의 간격이 더 길었다. 본 실험 결과는 실제 농가에서 고온기에 모돈관리하는데 활용될 것으로 보여진다. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of environmental temperature and backfat thickness (BT) on the reproductive performance of lactating sows. Sixty crossbred sows were allotted to four groups in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement by environmental temperature (high temperature [HT], 27.5±1.76℃; low temperature [LT], 23.3±0.89℃) and BT (< 20 mm, average 17.70 mm; ≥ 20 mm, average 23.20 mm) from July to August 2019. Sows in the HT group experienced a greater change in BT and a lower feed intake. Losses in body weight and BT were lower in sows with < 20 mm BT than in those with ≥ 20 mm BT. Sows with low BT had a lower weaning-to-estrus interval than sows with high BT (5.20, 4.93 d vs. 5.87, 5.60 d, respectively). Piglet survivability was lower in the HT group (90.31%) than in the LT group (94.87%). Piglet weaning weight and average daily weight gain were greater in sows with < 20 mm BT (5.75 kg and 201.46 g, respectively) than in those with ≥ 20 mm BT (5.49 kg and 188.41 g, respectively). Sows in the HT group had higher cortisol concentrations than those in the LT group (post-farrowing: HT 7.86 µg/mL vs. LT 6.04 µg/mL; weanling: HT 5.48 µg/mL vs. LT 4.40 µg/mL). In conclusion, environmental temperature adversely influenced sow performance and cortisol levels. Moreover, sows with low BT had a greater weaning-to-estrus interval when subjected to heat stress.

Effects of hot-melt extruded nano-copper on the Cu bioavailability and growth of broiler chickens

( Junhyung Lee ),( Abdolreza Hosseindoust ),( Minju Kim ),( Kwangyeol Kim ),( Taegyun Kim ),( Joseph Moturi ),( Byungjo Chae ) 한국축산학회(구 한국동물자원과학회) 2021 한국축산학회지 Vol.63 No.2

This study was aimed to investigate the Cu bioavailability, growth response, digestibility of nutrients, and blood metabolites of broiler chicks fed CuSO₄ in nano or common forms. A total of 720 broiler chickens were distributed between eight treatments according to a completely randomized design. There were 8 treatments and 6 replicates in each treatment with 15 birds/replicate. The treatments were divided into common copper sulfate at the doses of 16 ppm, 40 ppm, 80 ppm, and 120 ppm (INO) and hot-melt extruded copper sulfate at the doses of 16 ppm, 40 ppm, 80 ppm, and 120 ppm (HME-Cu). The experiment was operated for 35 days in 2 phases (phase 1, d 0 to 14; and phase 2, d 15 to 35). No significant differences were shown in growth performance, feed intake, FCR, and nutrient digestibility among the treatments. The concentration of Cu in the serum was increased in the HME-Cu broilers compared with the INO broilers at phase 2. A linear increase was observed in the concentration of Cu in the liver in broilers fed INO diets, however, no significant differences were observed by the supplementation of HME-Cu levels. The linear increase was detected in the content of Cu in excreta in the INO and HME-Cu treatments by increasing the dietary Cu content. The HME-Cu treatments showed a lower Cu concentration in the excreta compared with the INO treatments. The higher bioavailability of Cu in HME form can decrease the recommended dose of Cu in broiler diets.

Effects of hot melt extrusion processed nano-iron on growth performance, blood composition, and iron bioavailability in weanling pigs

( Junhyung Lee ),( Abdolreza Hosseindoust ),( Minju Kim ),( Kwangyeol Kim ),( Yohan Choi ),( Joseph Moturi ),( Changhyun Song ),( Songyi Lee ),( Hyunjong Cho ),( Byungjo Chae ) 한국축산학회 2019 한국축산학회지 Vol.61 No.4

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of hot melt extrusion (HME) nano-iron as an alternative for the common ferrous sulfate on iron (Fe) bioavailability, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and intestinal microbiota of weanling pigs. A total of 200 piglets (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) were randomly allotted to seven treatments on the basis of initial body weight (BW) and sex. Treatments were the INO100 (100 ppm Fe as FeSO₄), HME-Fe levels (50, 75, and 100 ppm nano-Fe as FeSO₄). ORG100 (100 ppm Fe as iron methionine). In phase 1, the HME50 pigs showed the lowest Fe content in feed and feces. Plasma Fe concentration was increased in HME100 and ORG100 pigs. In phase 2, there were significantly lower concentration of Fe in feed and feces of HME50 pigs (p < 0.01). A lower Fe concentration in the plasma and liver were observed in HME50 pigs compared with HME100 pigs. Concentration of red blood cell (RBC) was the lowest (p < 0.01) for HME50 pigs. During phase 2, the HME100, HME75, and ORG100 pigs showed a higher RBC and hemoglobin values compared with HME50 pigs. Digestibility of gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) were significantly higher in HME100 pigs compared with HME50 pigs. There was an increased (p < 0.01) villus height in the duodenum and jejunum of HME100 pigs compared with HME50 pigs. It is concluded that dietary Fe does not improve growth performance of weanling pigs; however, increasing the dietary iron concentration in weanling piglets increased the RBC and hemoglobin. In addition, the potential ability of HME to be used at a lower level (HME75) was observed.

Effects of free feeding time system and energy level to improve the reproductive performance of lactating sows during summer

( Kwang Yeol Kim ),( Yo Han Choi ),( Abdolreza Hosseindoust ),( Min Ju Kim ),( Joseph Moturi ),( Tae Gyun Kim ),( Chang Hyun Song ),( Jun Hyung Lee ),( Byung Jo Chae ) 한국축산학회(구 한국동물자원과학회) 2020 한국축산학회지 Vol.62 No.3

The reproductive performance of lactating sows was investigated by using different feeding methods including conventional feeding (CF, 3 times/d) or free feeding (FF), and different dietary energy level including low energy (LE: 3,300) or high energy (HE: 3,400 kcal/kg) during the hot season. A total of twenty-eight crossbred (Yorkshire × Landrace) sows were distributed into four treatments as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Sows in the FF group showed lower body weight and backfat loss (p < 0.05) compared with the CF group. Backfat loss during lactation was lower (p < 0.05) in sows fed HE diet than in that fed LE diet. There were no significant differences in litter survival rate and weaning to estrus interval, but the litter weight at weaning was improved (p < 0.05) in FF and HE sows. Hence, it is concluded that using the free-feeding system or increased dietary energy density leads to improved sow performance during hot ambient temperature.