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Histomorphological changes in the common carotid artery of the male rat in induced hypogonadism
Isaac Cheruiyot,Beda Olabu,Martin Kamau,Kevin Ongeti,Pamela Mandela 대한해부학회 2018 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.51 No.4
The role of androgens in the development of cardiovascular diseases remains controversial. The current study therefore sought to determine the changes in the histomorphology of the common carotid artery of the male rat in orchidectomy-induced hypogonadism. Twenty-two Rattus norvegicus male rats aged 2 months were used. The rats were randomly assigned into baseline (n=4), experimental (n=9), and control (n=9) groups. Hypogonadism was surgically induced in the experimental group by bilateral orchiectomy under local anesthesia. At experiment weeks 3, 6, and 9, three rats from each group (experimental and control) were euthanized, their common carotid artery harvested, and routine processing was done for paraffin embedding, sectioning, and staining. The photomicrographs were taken using a digital photomicroscope for morphometric analysis. Orchidectomy resulted in the development of vascular fibrosis, with a significant increase in collagen fiber density and decrease in smooth muscle and elastic fiber density. Moreover, there was development of intimal hyperplasia, with fragmentation of medial elastic lamellae in the common carotid artery of the castrated rats. Orchidectomy induces adverse changes in structure of the common carotid artery of the male rat. These changes may impair vascular function, therefore constituting a possible structural basis for the higher incidences of cardiovascular diseases observed in hypogonadism.
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Shivakumar Vignesh,Amna Subhan Butt,Mohamed Alboraie,Bruno Costa Martins,Alejandro Piscoya,Quang Trung Tran,Damien Tan Meng Yew,Shahriyar Ghazanfar,Pezhman Alavinejad,Edna Kamau,Ajay M Verma,Robin B M 대한소화기내시경학회 2021 Clinical Endoscopy Vol.54 No.5
Background/Aims: The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted the training of medical traineesinternationally. The aim of this study was to assess the global impact of COVID-19 on endoscopy training from the perspective ofendoscopy trainers and to identify strategies implemented to mitigate the impact on trainee education. Methods: Teaching faculty of gastroenterology (GI) training programs globally were invited to complete a 36-question web-basedsurvey to report the characteristics of their training programs and the impact of COVID-19 on various aspects of endoscopytraining, including what factors decisions were based on. Results: The survey response rate was 52.6% (305 out of 580 individuals); 92.8% reported a negative impact on endoscopy training,with suspension of elective procedures (77.1%) being the most detrimental factor. Geographic variations were noted, with Europeanprograms reporting the lowest percentage of trainee participation in procedures. A higher proportion of trainees in the Americaswere allowed to continue performing procedures, and trainers from the Americas reported receiving the greatest support forendoscopy teaching. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant negative impact on GI endoscopytraining internationally, as reported by endoscopy trainers. Focus-optimizing endoscopy training and assessment of competenciesare necessary to ensure adequate endoscopy training.
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