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Susceptibility of amphibians to chytridiomycosis is associated with MHC class II conformation
Bataille, Arnaud,Cashins, Scott D.,Grogan, Laura,Skerratt, Lee F.,Hunter, David,McFadden, Michael,Scheele, Benjamin,Brannelly, Laura A.,Macris, Amy,Harlow, Peter S.,Bell, Sara,Berger, Lee,Waldman, Bru The Royal Society 2015 Proceedings, Biological sciences Vol.282 No.1805
<P>The pathogenic chytrid fungus <I>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</I> (Bd) can cause precipitous population declines in its amphibian hosts. Responses of individuals to infection vary greatly with the capacity of their immune system to respond to the pathogen. We used a combination of comparative and experimental approaches to identify major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) alleles encoding molecules that foster the survival of Bd-infected amphibians. We found that Bd-resistant amphibians across four continents share common amino acids in three binding pockets of the MHC-II antigen-binding groove. Moreover, strong signals of selection acting on these specific sites were evident among all species co-existing with the pathogen. In the laboratory, we experimentally inoculated Australian tree frogs with Bd to test how each binding pocket conformation influences disease resistance. Only the conformation of MHC-II pocket 9 of surviving subjects matched those of Bd-resistant species. This MHC-II conformation thus may determine amphibian resistance to Bd, although other MHC-II binding pockets also may contribute to resistance. Rescuing amphibian biodiversity will depend on our understanding of amphibian immune defence mechanisms against Bd. The identification of adaptive genetic markers for Bd resistance represents an important step forward towards that goal.</P>
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( Daehoon Nahm ),( Joseph Macri ) 한양대학교 경제연구소 2016 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH Vol.21 No.2
We employ a specially-structured VAR model to firstly examine the total effects of Australia``s monetary policy changes on private sector variables, specifically, household consumption, housing wealth, and house prices, through impulse responses. We then utilise the special structure of the model to decompose the total effect of monetary policy changes on consumption into the direct effect from changes in the cost of credit, the indirect wealth effect from changes in house prices and housing wealth, and the feedback effect from the reaction of the Reserve Bank of Australia to changes in consumption, house prices and housing wealth. Our results suggest that a deliberate monetary policy shock has a significant effect on house prices, but only a marginal effect on consumption. We also introduce a novel approach to identify the elements of the impulse response function in decomposing the total consumption effect into direct, indirect and feedback effects.
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