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FAR-INFRARED [C II] EMISSION FROM THE CENTRAL REGIONS OF SPIRAL GALAXIES
MOCHIZUKI KENJI The Korean Astronomical Society 2004 Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society Vol.37 No.4
Anomalies in the far-infrared [C II] 158 ${\mu}m$ line emission observed in the central one-kiloparsec regions of spiral galaxies are reviewed. Low far-infrared intensity ratios of the [C II] line to the continuum were observed in the center of the Milky Way, because the heating ratio of the gas to the dust is reduced by the soft interstellar radiation field due to late-type stars in the Galactic bulge. In contrast, such low line-to-continuum ratios were not obtained in the center of the nearby spiral M31, in spite of its bright bulge. A comparison with numerical simulations showed that a typical column density of the neutral interstellar medium between illuminating sources at $hv {\~} 1 eV $ is $N_H {\le}10^{21}\;cm^{-2}$ in the region; the medium is translucent for photons sufficiently energetic to heat the grains but not sufficiently energetic to heat the gas. This interpretation is consistent with the combination of the extremely high [C Il]/CO J = 1-0 line intensity ratios and the low recent star-forming activity in the region; the neutral interstellar medium is not sufficiently opaque to protect the species even against the moderately intense incident UV radiation. The above results were unexpected from classical views of the [C II] emission, which was generally considered to trace intense interstellar UV radiation enhanced by active star formation.
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FAR-INFRARED [C II] EMISSION FROM THE CENTRAL REGIONS OF SPIRAL GALAXIES
KENJI MOCHIZUKI 한국천문학회 2004 Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society Vol.37 No.5
Anomalies in the far-infrared [CII ] 158 ㎛ line emission observed in the central one-kiloparsecregions of spiral galaxies are reviewed. Low far-infrared intensity ratios of the [CII ] line to the continuumwere observed in the center of the Milky Way, because the heating ratio of the gas to the dust is reducedby the soft interstellar radiation eld due to late-type stars in the Galactic bulge. In contrast, such lowline-to-continuum ratios were not obtained in the center of the nearby spiral M31, in spite of its brightbulge. A comparison with numerical simulations showed that a typical column density of the neutralinterstellar medium between illuminating sources at h 1 eV is NH < 1021 cm2 in the region; themedium is translucent for photons suciently energetic to heat the grains but not suciently energeticto heat the gas. This interpretation is consistent with the combination of the extremely high [CII ]/COJ = 1{0 line intensity ratios and the low recent star-forming activity in the region; the neutral interstellarmedium is not suciently opaque to protect the species even against the moderately intense incidentUV radiation. The above results were unexpected from classical views of the [CII ] emission, which wasgenerally considered to trace intense interstellar UV radiation enhanced by active star formation.
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Ikuko Sakamoto,Yosuke Hirotsu,Kenji Amemiya,Takahiro Nozaki,Hitoshi Mochizuki,Masao Omata 대한부인종양학회 2023 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.34 No.1
Objective: Elucidation of clonal origin of synchronous endometrial and ovarian cancers (SEOs). Methods: We reviewed 852 patients who diagnosed endometrial and/or ovarian cancer. Forty-five (5.3%) patients were diagnosed as SEOs. We evaluated blood and tissue samples from 17 patients. We analyzed the clonal origins of 41 samples from 17 patients by gene sequencing, mismatch microsatellite instability (MSI) polymerase chain reaction assay and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of 4 repair genes. Results: Sixteen of 17 patients had at least 2 or more trunk mutations shared between endometrial and ovarian cancer suggesting the identical clonal origins. The shared trunk mutation are frequently found in endometrial cancer of the uterus, suggesting the uterine primary. Four out of 17 (24%) SEOs had mismatch repair (MMR) protein deficiency and MSI-high (MSI-H) states. One case was an endometrial carcinoma with local loss of MSH6 protein expression by IHC staining, and the result of MSI analysis using the whole formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimen was microsatellite stable. In contrast, ovarian tissue was deficient MMR and MSI-H in the whole specimen. This indicated that MMR protein deficiency could occur during the progression of disease. Conclusion: Most SEOs are likely to be a single tumor with metastasis instead of double primaries, and their origin could be endometrium. In addition, SEOs have a high frequency of MMR gene abnormalities. These findings not only can support the notion of uterine primary, but also can help to expect the benefit for patients with SEOs by immuno-oncology treatment.
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