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Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum as a Starter on the Food Quality and Microbiota of Kimchi
Kieun Lee,Yeonhee Lee 한국식품과학회 2010 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.19 No.3
Lactobacillus plantarum has been reported to be responsible for acid increase at the later stage of kimchi fermentation and considered not inappropriate as a starter of kimchi. If functional L. plantarum strain can survive in large quantity in kimchi during fermentation, it may endow new functionality to kimchi. After 12 day fermentation at 4℃, L. plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Weissella cibaria, Weissella confusa, and Lactobacillus sakei were the most prevalent ones in kimchi without a starter. In kimchi with a starter, L. plantarum was detected from the 1 day fermentation and throughout 25 day fermentation. There was no difference in pH between 2 kinds of kimchi. The acid content after the 21 day increased more in kimchi with starter when most kimchi is consumed before this time. Survival of a starter strain throughout the whole fermentation suggested the possible use of various functional lactic acid-producing bacterias (LABs) to kimchi endowing a new beneficial function to kimchi.
The Pathophysiology of Tinnitus: Involvement of the Somatosensory, Brain, and Limbic Systems
Yuri Lee,Taehwa Kim,Kieun Lee,Seungik Jeon,Sungmin Jo,In-Ki Jin 한국청각언어재활학회 2020 Audiology and Speech Research Vol.16 No.1
This study reviewed the pathophysiology of tinnitus. Tinnitus is a symptom that a subject perceives sound regardless of external stimuli. Tinnitus sufferers have reported varying sound types, loudness, and duration of tinnitus. Also, the pathophysiology of tinnitus is also reported to be varied. We searched a web database and found 2,545 articles related to tinnitus. The selection criteria for articles to be reviewed was the year of publication, research category, participant characteristic, publication type, and area of study. Thirty-three studies on the pathophysiology of tinnitus were finally selected and reviewed. Tinnitus pathophysiology was reviewed in relation to the somatosensory, brain, and limbic systems. Fourteen sub-regions were identified to be associated with tinnitus. The data on each sub-region was also reviewed, including its primary role and the tinnitus trigger mechanism. The results of this study can be used as baseline data for studies attempting to understand the mechanism of tinnitus and develop intervention methods.