“누가 이야기하는가?” - 우베 욘존의 『기념일들』의 다성적 서술

이재원 ( Lee¸ Jaewon ) 한국독일어문학회 2021 독일어문학 Vol.94 No.-

이 논문은 우베 욘존의 장편소설 『기념일들』을 특징짓는 복잡한 서술구조를 분석한다. 『기념일들』은 ‘계약’이라는 허구적 설정을 통해 다층적 차원에서의 대화적 구조로 이루어진다. 주인공 게지네와 딸 마리의 계약 차원에서는 게지네가 마리에게 자신의 가족사를 들려주는 과정에 마리가 적극적으로 개입하여 개인적이고 주관적인 기억에 대한 성찰이 이루어진다. 죽은 사람과의 계약의 차원에서는 게지네와 ‘작가 동지’에 의해 죽은 사람들을 둘러싼 독일의 과거가 서술되는 가운데 전후 독일의 집단적 기억에 대한 비판적인 성찰이 시도된다. 마리와 죽은 사람들이 서술에 적극적으로 참여하는 독립적인 ‘목소리’로 등장하기는 하지만 서술자로 보기는 어려운 반면, 게지네와 작가의 계약을 통해 두 사람이 소설 전체를 함께 서술하는 공동서술자로 나타난다. 이러한 독특한 서술상황으로 인해 기존의 서사이론의 틀에서 서술자를 확정하려는 시도는 실패할 수밖에 없다. 이는 ‘다성적 소설’에 관한 바흐친의 이론을 통해 설명할 수 있다. 다성적 소설에서는 인물이 작가의 생각을 전달하는 매체 혹은 도구가 아니라 자신의 목소리를 갖는 능동적 주체로 등장한다. 작가와 인물이 동등한 위치에서 함께 서술한다는 설정은 소설이 전지적 작가에 의해 창조된 완결된 세계가 아니라 욘존이라는 작가 개인의 하나의 견해일 뿐임을 분명히 하며 독자에게 이 대화에 참여할 것을 촉구한다. 『기념일들』은 다층적 구성과 다성적 서술을 통해 독일의 최근 역사를 일방적으로 전달하는 것을 넘어 독자에게 비판적으로 성찰하게 한다. Dieser Aufsatz analysiert das komplizierte Erzählgefüge in Uwe Johnsons Roman Jahrestage. Aus dem Leben von Gesine Cresspahl. Die Geschichten im Roman werden durch die fiktiven „Verträge“ der Hauptfigur Gesine jeweils anders erzählt: in Bezug auf ihre Tochter Marie, in Bezug auf die Toten und den Schriftsteller Johnson. Dadurch ordnet der Roman verschiedene Erzähler ihren jeweiligen Geschichten zu. Auf der Ebene des Vertrags mit Marie erzählt Gesine mündlich die Familiengeschichte Cresspahls und dabei wird das Problem der individuellen subjektiven Erinnerung reflektiert. Auf der Ebene des Vertrags mit den Toten schreiben Gesine und der Schriftsteller die Geschichte der NS-Zeit und der deutschen Teilung und dadurch versuchen sie die deutschen kollektiven Erinnerungen zu reflektieren. Dabei fungiern Marie und die Toten zwar als selbständige Stimmen, aber nicht als Erzähler. Auf der Ebene des Vertrags mit dem Autor Johnson erzählen Gesine und der Schriftsteller zusammen. Dies ist eine polyphone Erzählstruktur, bei der Figuren nicht als ein Medium oder ein Mittel des Autors, sondern als aktive Subjekte mit eigener Stimme auftreten. Durch diese Erzählweise zeigt Johnson, dass der Roman keine vom auktorialen Autor geschriebene geschlossene Welt darstellt, sondern nur ein „Entwurf“ der deutschen Geschichte, d.h. eine Ansicht eines deutschen Autors ist. Nun fordert er die Leser auf, diesen Entwurf mit ihren Meinungen zu vergleichen und aktiv zu seiner Vollendung beizutragen.

The Influence of Face Shields on the Quality of Colonoscopy in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Lee Jin Wook,Lee Hyo Jeong,Kim Dae Sung,Yoon Jiyoung,Hong Seung Wook,Hwang Ha Won,Lee Jong-Soo,Kim Gwang-Un,Lee Sinwon,Choe Jaewon,Park Jin Hwa,Yang Dong-Hoon,Byeon Jeong-Sik 거트앤리버 소화기연관학회협의회 2022 Gut and Liver Vol.16 No.3

Background/Aims: The worldwide coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has led endoscopists to use personal protective equipment (PPE) for infection prevention. This study aimed to investigate whether wearing a face shield as PPE affects the quality of colonoscopy. Methods: We reviewed the medical records and colonoscopy findings of patients who underwent colonoscopies at Asan Medical Center, Korea from March 10 to May 31, 2020. The colonoscopies in this study were performed by five gastroenterology fellows and four expert endoscopists. We compared colonoscopy quality indicators, such as withdrawal time, adenoma detection rate (ADR), mean number of adenomas per colonoscopy (APC), polypectomy time, and polypectomy adverse events, both before and after face shields were added as PPE on April 13, 2020. Results: Of the 1,344 colonoscopies analyzed, 715 and 629 were performed before and after the introduction of face shields, respectively. The median withdrawal time was similar between the face shield and no-face shield groups (8.72 minutes vs 8.68 minutes, p=0.816), as was the ADR (41.5% vs 39.8%, p=0.605) and APC (0.72 vs 0.77, p=0.510). Polypectomy-associated quality indicators, such as polypectomy time and polypectomy adverse events were also not different between the groups. Quality indicators were not different between the face shield and no-face shield groups of gastroenterology fellows, or of expert endoscopists. Conclusions: Colonoscopy performance was not unfavorably affected by the use of a face shield. PPE, including face shields, can be recommended without a concern about colonoscopy quality deterioration.

RAGE-binding peptide-conjugated polyethylenimine as a dual-functional carrier: A RAGE-mediated gene carrier and an anti-angiogenic reagent

Lee, Dahee,Choi, Eunji,Lee, Jaewon,Oh, Jungju,Lee, Seonyeong,Lee, Minhyung THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING 2018 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY -S Vol.67 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is overexpressed in various cancer cells. In this study, a RAGE-binding peptide (RBP) was conjugated to polyethylenimine (25kDa, PEI). RBP-conjugated PEI (PEI-RBP) was characterized as a dual-functional reagent, a RAGE-mediated gene carrier and an anti-angiogenic reagent. As a gene carrier, PEI-RBP had higher transfection efficiency to the C6 glioblastoma cells than PEI. As an anti-angiogenic reagent, the pEmpty/PEI-RBP complex reduced RAGE expression on the surface of the C6 glioblastoma cells. Also, the complex reduced the VEGF expression and tube formation of endothelial cells. Therefore, PEI-RBP may be useful for development of glioblastoma therapy.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient of methane in bubble column reactor

Lee, Jaewon,Yasin, Muhammad,Park, Shinyoung,Chang, In Seop,Ha, Kyoung-Su,Lee, Eun Yeol,Lee, Jinwon,Kim, Choongik Springer-Verlag 2015 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.32 No.6

Multimatrix distribution and bioaccumulation of legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the environment of Korea

Jaewon Lee(이재원),Hyun-Kyung Lee(이현경),Yunjae Jo(조윤재),Jae-Eun Lim(임재은),Soyeon Park(박소연),Jae-Woo Lee(이재우),Young-Hee Kim(김영희),Hyo-Bang Moon(문효방) 환경독성보건학회 2019 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2019 No.10

Learning, memory deficits, and impaired neuronal maturation attributed to acrylamide

Lee, Seulah,Park, Hee Ra,Lee, Joo Yeon,Cho, Jung-Hyun,Song, Hye Min,Kim, Ah Hyun,Lee, Wonjong,Lee, Yujeong,Chang, Seung-Cheol,Kim, Hyung Sik,Lee, Jaewon TAYLOR & FRANCIS 2018 JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PAR Vol.81 No.9

<P>Acrylamide (ACR) is a neurotoxin known to produce neurotoxicity characterized by ataxia, skeletal muscle weakness, cognitive impairment, and numbness of the extremities. Previously, investigators reported that high-dose (50mg/kg) ACR impaired hippocampal neurogenesis and increased neural progenitor cell death; however, the influence of subchronic environmentally relevant low dose-(2, 20, or 200g/kg) ACRs have not been examined in adult neurogenesis or cognitive function in mice. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether low-dose ACR adversely affected mouse hippocampal neurogenesis and neurocognitive functions. Male C57BL/6 mice were orally administered vehicle or ACR at 2, 20, or 200g/kg/day for 4weeks. ACR did not significantly alter the number of newly generated cells or produce neuroinflammation or neuronal loss in hippocampi. However, behavioral studies revealed that 200g/kg ACR produced learning and memory impairment. Furthermore, incubation of ACR with primary cultured neurons during the developmental stage was found to delay neuronal maturation without affecting cell viability indicating the presence of developmental neurotoxicity. These findings indicate that although exposure to in vivo low-dose ACR daily for 4weeks exerted no apparent marked effect on hippocampal neurogenesis, in vitro observations in primary cultured neurons noted adverse effects on learning and memory impairment suggestive of neurotoxic actions.</P>

Effects of Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate on Regulation of Steroidogenesis or Spermatogenesis in Testes of Sprague-Dawley Rats

Lee, Young Jun,Lee, Ena,Kim, Tae Hyung,Choi, Jae Seok,Lee, Jaewon,Jung, Ki Kyung,Kwack, Seung Jun,Kim, Kyu Bong,Kang, Tae Seok,Han, Soon Young,Lee, Byung Mu,Kim, Hyung Sik The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan 2009 Journal of Health Science Vol.55 No.3

<P>Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) used as a common plasticizer additive in the manufacture of plastics, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). This study examined the effect of DEHP on steroidogenesis or spermatogenesis in the testes of Sprague-Dawley male rats treated orally with 250, 500, 750 mg/kg over a 30-day period. The expression levels of the steroidogenic- or spermatogenic-related genes were analyzed in the testis using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. High doses of DEHP (500 and 750 mg/kg) significantly decreased the testicular sperm counts and daily sperm production (DSP). In addition, serum testosterone levels were significantly lower in the DEHP treatment groups than in the control. The mRNA levels of SR-B1, StAR, PBR and CYP17 increased in a dose-dependent manner. These increases were significant at 500 and 750 mg/kg. In the other hand, the mRNA levels of CYP19 decreased significantly in testes of rats exposed to DEHP 500 and 750 mg/kg. Dose-dependent decreases in Spag4 and LDHA mRNA in the testis were observed after DEHP exposure, while there was a significant decrease in thyroid hormone receptor (TR)<I>α</I>1 protein levels. High doses of DEHP significantly increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-r and retinoid X receptor (RXR)-<I>α</I> protein but markedly decreased the expression of RXR-r. These results suggest that DEHP exposure can alter the expression of the spermatogenic- or steroidogenic-related genes resulting in a decrease in sperm production in the testis. This study is expected to be helpful in research examining the mechanisms for how DEHP reduces the expression pattern of the genes involved steroid hormone synthesis after chronic exposure to DEHP.</P>

Peli3 ablation ameliorates acetaminophen-induced liver injury through inhibition of GSK3β phosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation

Lee Jaewon,Ha Jihoon,Kim Jun-Hyeong,Seo Dongyeob,Kim Minbeom,Lee Yerin,Park Seong Shil,Choi Dahee,Park Jin Seok,Lee Young Jae,Yang Siyoung,Yang Kyung-Min,Jung Su Myung,Hong Suntaek,Koo Seung-Hoi,Bae Y 생화학분자생물학회 2023 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.55 No.-

The signaling pathways governing acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury have been extensively studied. However, little is known about the ubiquitin-modifying enzymes needed for the regulation of APAP-induced liver injury. Here, we examined whether the Pellino3 protein, which has E3 ligase activity, is needed for APAP-induced liver injury and subsequently explored its molecular mechanism. Whole-body Peli3−/− knockout (KO) and adenovirus-mediated Peli3 knockdown (KD) mice showed reduced levels of centrilobular cell death, infiltration of immune cells, and biomarkers of liver injury, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), upon APAP treatment compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Peli3 deficiency in primary hepatocytes decreased mitochondrial and lysosomal damage and reduced the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. In addition, the levels of phosphorylation at serine 9 in the cytoplasm and mitochondrial translocation of GSK3β were decreased in primary hepatocytes obtained from Peli3−/− KO mice, and these reductions were accompanied by decreases in JNK phosphorylation and mitochondrial translocation. Pellino3 bound more strongly to GSK3β compared with JNK1 and JNK2 and induced the lysine 63 (K63)-mediated polyubiquitination of GSK3β. In rescue experiments, the ectopic expression of wild-type Pellino3 in Peli3−/− KO hepatocytes restored the mitochondrial translocation of GSK3β, but this restoration was not obtained with expression of a catalytically inactive mutant of Pellino3. These findings are the first to suggest a mechanistic link between Pellino3 and APAP-induced liver injury through the modulation of GSK3β polyubiquitination.

Pilot Experiment And Numerical Study Of Drying Sludge Using Superheated Steam And Heated Air

Jaewon Lee(이재원),Sanghoon Lee(이상훈),Cheolho Shin(신철호),Seonho Lee(이선호),Junhyung Park(박준형) 대한환경공학회 2021 대한환경공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2021 No.11

Neuroprotective effects of MHY908, a PPAR α/γ dual agonist, in a MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease model

Lee, Yujeong,Cho, Jung-Hyun,Lee, Seulah,Lee, Wonjong,Chang, Seung-Cheol,Chung, Hae Young,Moon, Hyung Ryong,Lee, Jaewon Elsevier 2019 Brain Research Vol.1704 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors and are considered promising therapeutic targets in several neurodegenerative diseases. A number of PPAR agonists have been shown to have neuroprotective properties in the presence of oxidative stress, neuroinflammatory response, and apoptosis in various neurodegenerative disease. MHY908 is a novel PPAR α/γ dual agonist, which has been shown to suppress inflammatory response and attenuate insulin resistance in aged rats and db/db mice. Here, we evaluated the neuroprotective effects of MHY908 in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse model of PD. Pretreatment with MHY908 attenuated MPTP-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss and motor deficit. MPTP-induced glial activations were mitigated by MHY908 in the nigrostriatal pathway, and MHY908 effectively blocked 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP<SUP>+</SUP>)-induced cell death and ROS production in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Further study revealed MHY908 inhibited MPP<SUP>+</SUP>-induced astroglial activation by suppressing NF-κB signaling in primary astrocytes. Taken together, the present study suggests that PPAR α/γ dual agonists be considered potentially useful preventions for PD and other neurodegenerative diseases associated with neuroinflammation.</P> <P><B>Highlight</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> MHY908 attenuated MPTP-induced motor deficits and dopaminergic neuronal death. </LI> <LI> MHY908 also ameliorated MPTP-induced glial activation in the STR and SN. </LI> <LI> MHY908 pretreatment protected SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells against MPP<SUP>+</SUP> toxicity. </LI> <LI> Pretreatment of MHY908 inhibited MPP<SUP>+</SUP>-induced ROS generation. </LI> <LI> MHY908 treatment attenuated MPP<SUP>+</SUP>-induced primary astrocyte activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. </LI> </UL> </P>