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Dynamic State Estimation with Phasor Measurement Units Considering Sensitive Constraints
Lakshminarayana P.,Mercy Rosalina K.,Mani Venkatesan 대한전기학회 2022 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.17 No.6
To prevent and regulate network blackouts due to cascade errors in power systems, dynamic state estimation is necessary. For accurate network states, an online dynamic state estimation (ODSE) with the integration of phasor measurement unit (PMU) and conventional measurements is proposed in this study. The deployment of PMUs at sensitive buses is formulated using the constrained integer linear programming method. To provide the sensitive buses for the deployment of PMUs innetwork, the stability index and redundancy restrictions are defi ned. As a part of the ODSE technique, a Jacobian matrix is created by integrating conventional measurements with PMU measurements taken at sensitive buses. An evaluation index (RMSE) is presented to evaluate the results of ODSE. The proposed ODSE is implemented in MATLAB for IEEE -14, -30, and -57 bus networks and compared to the standard state estimation approach
Lakshminarayana, P.,Naik, S.Sanker,Reddy, N.Sivarami Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2003 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.6 No.1
The implications of temperature $(25, 30 and 35{\times}1^{\circ}C)$ and relative humidity $(60, 70 and 80{\times}2%)$ on the moulting pattern, moulting duration and moulting survival were studied in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Larvae of two pure silkworm breeds, Pure Mysore (PM) and NB$_4$D$_2$and their hybrid, $PM{\times}NB_{4} D_{2}$ were reared under experimental conditions under natural day photoperiodic (LD 12:12) condition. Two developmental marker events in the fourth moulting, settling for moult (SM) and completion of moult (CM) occurred at or around the middle of the photophase. The computed mean vector (equation omitted), based on the circular statistics also confirmed the above. Temperature and humidity did not alter the moulting rhythmicity much. However, extreme temperature and humidity conditions reduced moulting survival in PM and $PM {\times}NB_{4} D_{2}$. Further, moulting survival reduced below the economic level in $NB_{4} D_{2}$. The temperature and humidity together seem to exert synergic impact on the moulting survival of the silkworm Bombyx mori, at least in $NB_{4} D_{2}$.
Implications of Temperature and Humidity on Pupation Patterns in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Lakshminarayana, P.,Naik, S.Sankar,Reddy, N.Sivarami Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2002 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.5 No.1
The implications of temperature (25,30 and 35$^{\circ}C$) and relative humidity (60, 70 and 80%) on the pupation patterns were studied in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Larvae of two pure silkworm breeds, Pure Mysore (PM) and NB4D2 and their hybrid, PM ${\times}4 NB4D2 were reared under experimental conditions under natural day photoperiodic (LD 12: 12) condition. The three developmental marker events viz., larval ripening, pharate pupal formation and pupal formation occurred at or around the beginning of the photo-phase. The computed of mean vector (equation omitted), based on the circular statistics, also confirmed the above. However, the length of mean vector, r and the mean vector angular variance, s varied according to temperature and humidity conditions imposed; the variations being non-significant. Extreme temperature and humidity conditions, however, resulted in reduction in pupation rate (%) for PM and PM ${\times}4 NB4D2. On the other hand, in NB4D2 pupation percentage reduced below the economic level. The temperature and humidity together seems to exert synergic impact on the pupation rate at least in the silkworm Bombyx mori, L.
Reddy P. Lakshminarayana,Naik S. Sankar,Reddy N. Sivarami Korean Society of Sericultural Science 2005 International Journal of Industrial Entomology Vol.11 No.2
The implications of temperature (25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$) and relative humidity (RH; 60, 70 and $80\%$) on the hatching rhythmicity and hatching parameters (percentage and duration) were studied in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. under natural photoperiod (LD 12 : 12). Disease free layings (DFLs) of two pure silkworm breeds, Pure Mysore (PM, a multivoltine breed) and $NB_4D_2$ (a bivoltine breed), and their hybrid, $PM{\times}NB_4D_2$ were introduced into the experimental conditions on the $3^{rd}$ day of oviposition till completion of hatching. The hatching rhythm was predominantly diurnal under all temperature and humidity conditions, with peaks just after 'lights-on' phase (6 hrs). Extreme temperature and humidity conditions did not alter the hatching rhythmicity, but prolonged the hatching durations, extending it to the next day, coupled with reduced hatching percentage in PM and $PM{\times}NB_4D_2{\cdot}In\;NB_4D_2$, on the other hand, hatching did not extend to the next day. Hatching percentage in this breed, however, reduced below the economic level under high temperature and low humidity conditions. The high temperature and low humidity together, though did not alter the rhythmicity, seems to exert synergetic effect on the hatching percentage and its duration in the silkworm, B. mori.