Room temperature olefination of methane with titanium–carbon multiple bonds

Kurogi, Takashi,Won, Joonghee,Park, Bohyun,Trofymchuk, Oleksandra S.,Carroll, Patrick J.,Baik, Mu-Hyun,Mindiola, Daniel J. Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Chemical Science Vol.9 No.13

<▼1><P>C–H activation of methane followed by dehydrocoupling at room temperature led ultimately to the formation of the olefin H<SUB>2</SUB>C 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 CH<SUP><I>t</I></SUP>Bu <I>via</I> the addition of redox-active ligands (L) such as thioxanthone or 2,2′-bipyridine (bipy) to (PNP)Ti 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 CH<SUP><I>t</I></SUP>Bu(CH<SUB>3</SUB>) (<B>1</B>).</P></▼1><▼2><P>C–H activation of methane followed by dehydrocoupling at room temperature led ultimately to the formation of the olefin H<SUB>2</SUB>C 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111 1111111111111111111111111111111111 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000

Feature-Splitting Based Sideward Movement Analysis in the Subject Parasitic Gaps

Takayoshi Kurogi 한국영어학학회 2013 영어학연구 Vol.19 No.2

The aim of this paper is to investigate the mechanism of the English Subject Parasitic Gap construction. The Parasitic Gap construction can be classified into two types according to the position where the gap is created; the Subject Parasitic Gap and the Adjunct Parasitic Gap. Most of the recent studies (Nissenbaum 2000, Nunes 2001, 2004) seek to unify the many curious properties observed in the two types of Parasitic Gap construction. However, the non-referentiality of the moved wh-element of the Subject Parasitic Gap construction indicates that the unified analysis of the Parasitic Gap construction cannot accommodate the contrast between the two types of Parasitic Gap construction. In this paper, we will propose a new analysis based on Nunes's (2001, 2004) Sideward Movement analysis and Obata and Epstein's (2011) feature-splitting system. In this analysis, we will assume that the referentiality of the moved element is decided on whether that element has the referential feature or not. We will also argue that the non-referentiality of the moved wh-element in the Subject Parasitic Gap construction is due to the splitting of the relevant features.

[P10-33] Isolation of Sandaracopimarinol and Bisabolatrien-1-ol-4-one from Cryptomeria japonica and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Activity

Chiaki Kurogi,Yoh-ichi Matsushita,Kazuhiro Sugamoto,Takanao Matsui,Jong Cheol Park 한국식품영양과학회 2006 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2006 No.10

李無影日本語小説論 : 宗教文学としての農民小説、その文学的意味

黒,木了二(Ryoji Kurogi) 건국대학교 아시아·디아스포라 연구소 2015 International Journal of Diaspora&Cultural Critici Vol.5 No.1

要旨: この論文は、1940年代前半に李無影(Mu-young Lee: 1908-1960)が日本語で書いた小説を対象にして論じたものである。日本の植民地統治時代の韓国で、李無影は韓国語と日本語の二つの言語で小説を書いた。韓国文学史で李無影は、韓国農民文学の先駆者として文学的に評価されている。一方で、1940年代に書いた日本語小説のために、1960年代以後｢親日文学作家｣としての否定的な評価を受けてきた。 本論では、日本語で小説を書いた李無影の創作の意図を作品の中から読み取ることを目的とした。考察の結果、李無影の日本語小説は、当時の韓国農民たちの現実を描きながら韓国民衆の宗教的伝統意識から表われた理想の人間像を創造し、また、それを日本の読者にも知らせることが分かった。結論として、李無影の日本語小説は親日文学ではなく、韓国民族の現実と理想を日本語で伝えることを目的としていたと言えるのである。 This paper discusses the novels of Mu-young Lee written in Japanese in the first half of the 1940s. He wrote his literal works in both Japanese and Korean during the era of Japanese colonial rule. He receives high evaluation as a leading farmer novelist in the history of Korean literature. On the other hand, he also has been negatively evaluated as a pro-Japanese collaborator for writing his works in Japanese, the language of the enemy after 1960s. This paper aims to understand his intention of writing the novels in Japanese through reading his works. As a result, his novels describe the real life of Korean farmers at the time and create “the idealized image of human” based on religious and traditional values of Korean, and this is what he attempted to tell to Japanese readers. In conclusion, the Japanese novels of Mu-young Lee are not the works of a pro-Japanese collaborator, and his purposes in writing the novels in Japanese are to tell the dream and reality of Korean people in Japanese language.

Observations on the type of Liagorophila endophytica YAMADA(Acrochaetiaceae, Rhodophyta)

Lee, Yong-Pil,KUROGI, Munenao,YOSHIDA, Tadao 濟州大學校 基礎科學硏究所 1988 基礎科學硏究 Vol.1 No.1

Liagorophila endophytica YAMADA の選定タイフ標本 (SAP 020646) について觀察を行なった. この植物はフサコナハダ Liagora orientalis に內生し, ほふく枝と直立枝よりなり, 細胞には1個の星形色素休を含み, 單胞子を形成する. 受精した造果器は縱の膜で分裂し, 造胞絲は橫に擴がってその上に果胞子養をつける. この種が八丈鳥産のべニモズクからも觀察された. この種に關する最近の報告についても言及した. The lectotype (SAP 20646) specimen of Liagorophila endophytica YAMADA was examined to know exact characteristics of the species. Plants are endophytic in Liagora orientalis J.AGARDH, composed of creeping filaments and erect ones, with a stellate chloroplast per cell, and produce monosporangia. Fertilized carpogonia divide longitudinally. Gonimoblast filaments develop horizontally and perpendicularly to the axis of the carpogonium. Carposporangia are produced on the upper side of the cells of the gonimoblast filaments. The occurrence of the species in Hachijo Island, Japan, was newly recorded by an examination of the specimens of Helminthocladia australis HARVEY collected by Y. YAMADA. The relationship was discussed between the results from the present examination and previous records relevant to the species.

Room-Temperature Ring-Opening of Quinoline, Isoquinoline, and Pyridine with Low-Valent Titanium

Baek, Seung-yeol,Kurogi, Takashi,Kang, Dahye,Kamitani, Masahiro,Kwon, Seongyeon,Solowey, Douglas P.,Chen, Chun-Hsing,Pink, Maren,Carroll, Patrick J.,Mindiola, Daniel J.,Baik, Mu-Hyun American Chemical Society 2017 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.139 No.36

<P>The complex (PNP)Ti=(CHBu)-Bu-t((CH2Bu)-Bu-t) (PNP = N[2-P(i)p(r2)-4-methylphenyl](2-)) dehydrogenates cyclohexane to cyclohexene by forming a transient low-valent titanium-alkyl species, [(PNP)Ti((CH2Bu)-Bu-t)], which reacts with 2 equiv of quinoline (Q) at room temperature to form (H3CBu)-Bu-t and a Ti(IV) species where the less hindered C-2=N-1 bond of Qis ruptured and coupled to another equivalent of Q, The product isolated from this reaction is an imide with a tethered cycloamide group, (PNP)Ti=N[C18H13N] (1). Under photolytic conditions, intramolecular C-H bond activation across the imide moiety in 1 occurs to form 2, and thermolysis reverses this process. The reaction of 2 equiv of isoquinoline (Iq) with intermediate [(PNP)Ti((CH2Bu)-Bu-t)] results in regioselective cleavage of the C-I=N-2 and C-1-H bonds, which eventually couple to form complex 3, a constitutional isomer of 1. Akin to 1, the transient [(PNP)Ti((CH2Bu)-Bu-t)] complex can ring-open and couple two pyridine molecules, to produce a close analogue of 1, complex (PNP)Ti=N[C10H9N] (4). Multinudear and multidimensional NMR spectra confirm structures for complexes 1-4, whereas solid-state structural analysis reveals the structures of 2, 3, and 4. DFT calculations suggest an unprecedented Mechanism for ring-opening of Q wheat the reactive intermediate in the low-spin manifold crosses over to the high-spin surface to access a low-energy transition state but returns to the low-spin surface immediately. This double spin-crossover constitutes a rare example of a two-state reactivity, which is key for enabling the reaction at room temperature. The regioselective behavior of Iq ring-opening is found to be due to electronic effects, where the aromatic resonance of the bicycle is maintained during the key C-C coupling event.</P>

Predicting the rate of inbreeding in populations undergoing four-path selection on genomically enhanced breeding values

Togashi Kenji,Adachi Kazunori,Kurogi Kazuhito,Yasumori Takanori,Watanabe Toshio,Toda Shohei,Matsubara Satoshi,Hirohama Kiyohide,Takahashi Tsutomu,Matsuo Shoichi 아세아·태평양축산학회 2022 Animal Bioscience Vol.35 No.6

Objective: A formula is needed that is practical for current livestock breeding methods and that predicts the approximate rate of inbreeding (ΔF) in populations where selection is performed according to four-path programs (sires to breed sons, sires to breed daughters, dams to breed sons, and dams to breed daughters). The formula widely used to predict inbreeding neglects selection, we need to develop a new formula that can be applied with or without selection. Methods: The core of the prediction is to incorporate the long-tern genetic influence of the selected parents in four-selection paths executed as sires to breed sons, sires to breed daughters, dams to breed sons, and dams to breed daughters. The rate of inbreeding was computed as the magnitude that is proportional to the sum of squared long-term genetic contributions of the parents of four-selection paths to the selected offspring. Results: We developed a formula to predict the rate of inbreeding in populations undergoing four-path selection on genomically enhanced breeding values and with discrete generations. The new formula can be applied with or without selection. Neglecting the effects of selection led to underestimation of the rate of inbreeding by 40% to 45%. Conclusion: The formula we developed here would be highly useful as a practical method for predicting the approximate rate of inbreeding (ΔF) in populations where selection is performed according to four-path programs. Objective: A formula is needed that is practical for current livestock breeding methods and that predicts the approximate rate of inbreeding (∆F) in populations where selection is performed according to four-path programs (sires to breed sons, sires to breed daughters, dams to breed sons, and dams to breed daughters). The formula widely used to predict inbreeding neglects selection, we need to develop a new formula that can be applied with or without selection.Methods: The core of the prediction is to incorporate the long-tern genetic influence of the selected parents in four-selection paths executed as sires to breed sons, sires to breed daughters, dams to breed sons, and dams to breed daughters. The rate of inbreeding was computed as the magnitude that is proportional to the sum of squared long-term genetic contributions of the parents of four-selection paths to the selected offspring.Results: We developed a formula to predict the rate of inbreeding in populations undergoing four-path selection on genomically enhanced breeding values and with discrete generations. The new formula can be applied with or without selection. Neglecting the effects of selection led to underestimation of the rate of inbreeding by 40% to 45%.Conclusion: The formula we developed here would be highly useful as a practical method for predicting the approximate rate of inbreeding (ΔF) in populations where selection is performed according to four-path programs.

Reproduction and Recognition of Vowels Using Competitive Associative Nets

Naoko Nedachi,Shuichi Kurogi 제어로봇시스템학회 2006 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2006 No.10

Effects of selection index coefficients that ignore reliability on economic weights and selection responses during practical selection

Kenji Togashi,Kazunori Adachi,Takanori Yasumori,Kazuhito Kurogi,Takayoshi Nozaki,Akio Onogi,Yamato Atagi,Tsutomu Takahashi 아세아·태평양축산학회 2018 Animal Bioscience Vol.31 No.1

Objective: In practical breeding, selection is often performed by ignoring the accuracy of evaluations and applying economic weights directly to the selection index coefficients of genetically standardized traits. The denominator of the standardized component trait of estimated genetic evaluations in practical selection varies with its reliability. Whereas theoretical methods for calculating the selection index coefficients of genetically standardized traits account for this variation, practical selection ignores reliability and assumes that it is equal to unity for each trait. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of ignoring the accuracy of the standardized component trait in selection criteria on selection responses and economic weights in retrospect. Methods: Theoretical methods were presented accounting for reliability of estimated genetic evaluations for the selection index composed of genetically standardized traits. Results: Selection responses and economic weights in retrospect resulting from practical selection were greater than those resulting from theoretical selection accounting for reliability when the accuracy of the estimated breeding value (EBV) or genomically enhanced breeding value (GEBV) was lower than those of the other traits in the index, but the opposite occurred when the accuracy of the EBV or GEBV was greater than those of the other traits. This trend was more conspicuous for traits with low economic weights than for those with high weights. Conclusion: Failure of the practical index to account for reliability yielded economic weights in retrospect that differed from those obtained with the theoretical index. Our results indicated that practical indices that ignore reliability delay genetic improvement. Therefore, selection practices need to account for reliability, especially when the reliabilities of the traits included in the index vary widely.

Selection on milk production and conformation traits during the last two decades in Japan

Kenji Togashi,Takefumi Osawa,Kazunori Adachi,Kazuhito Kurogi,Kota Tokunaka,Takanori Yasumori,Tsutomu Takahashi,Kimihiro Moribe 아세아·태평양축산학회 2019 Animal Bioscience Vol.32 No.2

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare intended and actual yearly genetic gains for milk production and conformation traits and to investigate the simple selection criterion practiced among milk production and conformation traits during the last two decades in Japan. Learning how to utilize the information on intended and actual genetic gains during the last two decades into the genomic era is vital. Methods: Genetic superiority for each trait for four paths of selection (sires to breed bulls [SB], sires to breed cows [SC], dams to breed bulls [DB], and dams to breed cows [DC]) was estimated. Actual practiced simple selection criteria were investigated among milk production and conformation traits and relative emphasis on milk production and conformation traits was compared. Results: Selection differentials in milk production traits were greater than those of conformation traits in all four paths of selection. Realized yearly genetic gain was less than that intended for milk production traits. Actual annual genetic gain for conformation traits was equivalent to or greater than intended. Retrospective selection weights of milk production and conformation traits were 0.73:0.27 and 0.56:0.44 for intended and realized genetic gains, respectively. Conclusion: Selection was aimed more toward increasing genetic gain in milk production than toward conformation traits over the past two decades in Japan. In contrast, actual annual genetic gain for conformation traits was equivalent to or greater than intended. Balanced selection between milk production and conformation traits tended to be favored during actual selection. Each of four paths of selection (SB, SC, DB, and DC) has played an individual and important role. With shortening generation interval in the genomic era, a young sire arises before the completion of sire’s daughters’ milk production records. How to integrate these four paths of selection in the genomic era is vital.