우리나라의 出産力과 家政經濟行態에 関한 研究

魯公均(Ro Kong Kyun),趙南勳(Cho Nam Hoon) 한국인구학회 1987 한국인구학 Vol.10 No.2

Determinants of the Socio-economic and Emotional Status of the Elderly in Korea

Kong-Kyun Ro(노공균),So-Young Cho(조소영),Dong-Sook Shin(신동숙),Tae-Hoon Lee(이태훈) 한국인구학회 1991 한국인구학 Vol.14 No.2

1. 問題點(Setting of Problems) 産業의 急進的인 進步는 高度의 技術社會(high-tech societies)를 創出해 내었고, 이로 인해 生産樣式뿐만 아니라, 價値體系 및 生活樣式이 急進的으로 變化하였다. 동시에, 産業化 및 生活水準의 向上은 人口統計學的 變遷(demographic transition)을 가져와, 人口의 老齡化가 이루어졌다. 産業化에 의해 發生된 이러한 現狀들 즉, 價値體系의 變化와 人口의 老齡化가 바로 問題의 核心인 것이다. 産業化는 效率(efficiency)에 높은 價値를 賦與함으로서, 精神的인 人間體系側面의 重要性을 無視하고, 老齡化란 多次元的(multi-dimensional) 問題를 일으켰다. 이러한 問題들의 解決策으로서 西歐的인 價値槪念은 老人들의 生活의 質(quality of life)을 向上시키지 못한 것으로 생각된다. 따라서, 物質的인 面 이외에 精神的인 面의 接近法을 必要로 하게 되는 것이다. 2. 硏究의 目的(Objective of the Study) 이 硏究의 目的은 韓國에 있어서의 人口의 老齡化의 原因과 結果에 대한 硏究를 하는데 있다. 이러한 硏究에 의해 老齡化라는 多次元的 問題에 대한 智識을 얻으므로써, 社會, 共同體 및 家族 水準에서의 老齡化 問題를 다루는데 있어 非西歐的 接近法 및 政策的 戰略에 관한 方案을 提示하게 되기를 希望한다. 3. 方法論(Methodology) 1) 資料 蒐集(Data Collection) 資料는 다음 세가지 源泉으로부터 얻어졌다. 첫째, 出版된 資料 및 會議書類 둘째, 韓國保健社會硏究院과의 協助로 行해진 說問紙 調査 셋째, 自體 硏究팀에 의해 行해진 面談 2) 資料分析(Data Analysis) 原因分析(cause - effect types of analyses)은 probit, logit, path analyses에 의해 行해졌다. 이 硏究論文에는 trend analysis의 結果는 提示되지 않았는데, 이는 多樣한 政府機關에 의해 出刊된 分析들과 類似하기 때문이다. 4. 硏究分析의 結果 첫째, 經濟的 要因은 老人들의 生活狀態를 決定하는데 가장 중요한 要因이라는 것을 알 수 있다. 둘째, 老人의 社會的인 統合이 ?할수록 보다 幸福한 生活을 營爲하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 性(sex), 敎育程度, 住居地域 등의 老人의 雇傭狀態 및 所得水準과 큰 關係가 있다. 넷째, 敎育程度, 社會的 統合(social integration) 등이 健康狀態와 密接한 關係가 있다. 다섯째, 社會的 統合, 健康狀態, 獨立心 등이 老人의 情緖的 狀態에 큰 影響을 미친다.

시간분배의 관점에서 본 경제 및 비경제 활동이 건강에 미치는 영향

노공균 ( Kong-kyun Ro ),조남훈 ( Nam-hoon Cho ),이병우 ( Byoung-woo Lee ) 한국보건사회연구원 1993 保健社會硏究 Vol.13 No.1

職業과 健康과의 관계는 과거에 많은 硏究가 되어왔다. 그리고 그 관계는 각각의 職業에서 요구되는 활동을 分析하고 그것이 健康에 미치는 영향을 중심으로 硏究가 진행되어져 왔다. 그러므로 硏究의 焦點이 個人의 職業的 行爲 또는 市場 行爲(Market Behavior)가 健康에 주는 영향이었다. 그러나 한 個人의 行爲가 健康에 주는 영향을 硏究하려면 당연히 個人의 非市場行爲(Non-Market Behavior)가 健康에 주는 영향도 고려되어져야 할 것이다. 그러므로 本 硏究는 健康에 영향을 주는 個人의 行爲를 市場行爲뿐아니라 非市場行爲까지 고려하여 分析하였다. 특별히, 本 硏究는 Becker교수의 `時間配分 에 관한 理論(The theory of allocation of time)` 과 Lancaster교수의 `新 消費者 行動理論(New theory of consumer behavior)`에 기초하여 1) 個人의 行爲를 市場行爲, 2) 餘暇 및 消費行爲, 3) 家事活動 등으로 나누어 각 활동에 시간을 얼마큰 투입하는가를 측정하였고, 그것의 통계적 分析을 통해서 健康에 영향을 주는 중요變數들이 이들 時間의 配分과 어떠한 構造的 關係를 갖고,최종적으로 健康에 어떤 영향을 주는가를 硏究하였다. 과거에는 한 家庭의 健康에 대한 상태, 믿음, 行爲의 결정요소로서 社會經濟的, 文化的 特性을 중심으로 하여 硏究가 되었지만 本 硏究의 몇 가지 특징은 아래와 같다. 첫째,社會經濟的 상태를 狀況變數로 처리하였고,個人의 時間配分으로 반영된 市場/非市場行爲가 健康生産投入物의 費用效果性에 대한 認知(Perception)에 대한 지식과 財政的, 物理的, 文化的 접근의 容 易性에 어떤 영향을 주는가를 硏究하였다. 세 째, 社會經濟的 變數가 직접적으로 健康行爲에 影響을 주는 측면과 時間配分을 통해서 간접적으로 健康에 주는 영향을 分析하였다. The relationship between one`s occupation and his or her health has extensively been studied in the past. The link between the two have mostly been explained by the hypothesized and somtimes empirically tested impact of the type of activities required of one`s occupation on his/her health. However, impacts of non-market activities on health should be included for an more comprehensive study of the subject. To take account of impacts on non-market activities, this study looks at the intra-family dynamics in terms of each member`s role played as revealed by his or her allocation of time in market and non- market activities. Specifically, based on Becker`s theory of the allocation of time and Lancaster`s new theory of consumer behaviour, the individual family`s activities are classified into three types of activities: (1) income earning and other market activities in the economy; (2) leisure, consumption and miscellaneous aciivities; (3) household (production) chores. The study- measures the proportionate amount of time spent for each category of activities. Then, structural relation between major determinants of health and allocation of time is investigated. A typical approach to determinants of knowledge, attitude, and belief about health has been to study the relationship between health and environmental or contextual variables from the economic point of view. This study however, takes a unique approach, which is different from previous studies. First, by treating the socioeconomic status of each family as the contextual variables, it examines how the market and non-market activities of each member of the family as reflected by his or her allocation of time, shape the perception about the relative cost-effectiveness of various inputs for health. Second, within the context of the family`s socioeconomic status, it examines the question of how the knowledge and the relative ease or diffucilty of financial, physical and cultural access to various types of health facilities are acquired. Third, socioeconomic and cultural contextual dependency is investigated not only as a co -determinant of health behaviour but also as an environmental factor which influences the relationship between the allocation of time and health behaviour.

經濟發展을 위한 人口政策의 有效性分析

노공균(Ro Kong-Kyun) 한국인구학회 1979 한국인구학 Vol.2 No.1

This paper asks the question: "Given the objective of maximizing per capita income, are resources invested in population control liable to yield a rate of return which justifies their being used for this purpose rather than for conventional investment?" It is, of course, recognized that a population policy must have many other objectives besides increasing per capita income of a nation or region. For the sake of simplicity of analysis, however, this paper confines its discussion to an examination of population policy as a means of increasing per capita income in comparison with conventional investment. It should be pointed out at the onset that this paper does not attempt to answer the question raised above. Instead, it presents several approaches to answering this question and evaluates the relative merit of each approach. The simplest approach is the numerical one. According to this approach, one may start by looking at the per capita income as a ratio, that is, national income divided by the number of the nation's population. One may seek to raise this ratio by increasing its numerator - investing in physical and human capital - in order to increase the annual output. Or one may seek to increase the ratio by decreasing the denominator. Which method is better can, then, be decided by the relative economic effectiveness of the two methods. The economic effectiveness depends on which method raises the ratio more, given the same amount of resources spent. Professor Stepher Enke often relied on this method to state his position. In estimating the effect of investment on output, the above ratio method overlooks the so-called multiplier effect completely. It also mistakingly equates the number of adults to whom a contraceptive device is made available for a year with the annual number of births prevented. These are, however, minor flaws of the method. The basic flaw lies in the fact that calculation of this kind is over-sim plistic because it ignores so many of the economic and demographic interactions. For example, it excludes the effect of conventional investment of birth rate through the induced change in output. This kind of number's game. appears to have been played in vacuum. The second and more commonly used approach is the cost-benefit analysis of birth prevention. Its basic assumption is that a new born child in a typical less developed country consumes output more than he or she produces in his life time, that is, his birth decreases the nation's savings and, thereby, not only per capital income but also gross output. The basic flaw in this kind of cost-benefit analysis lies in the assumptions behind it. For example, the output foregone is usually assumed to be that of a marginal worker. Since the marginal product is always less than the average product except in case of an economic where an increasing return to scale exists, the benefit always exceeds the cost. If the impact of the birth prevention programme falls mainly on middle-class tamnies, however, the basic assumption of the calculation does not hold. If the middle-class children over their lifetime produce in total more than they consume, and if they provide the major part of the savings, the effect of the birth prevention programme would be to decrease savings per head and potentially decrease the rate of growth of the economy. Furthermore, if the assumption that the impact of the birth prevention programme falls on the marginal workers only does not hold, it may reduce the so-called "residual" contribution to growth. The estimates of the residual contribution to growth range from 50% of the growth of national income to 90%. In the literature of economic growth and development, the explanation for the residual factor, named for the difference between the total measured growth of inputs and outputs, has increasingly been sought in the improvement in human capital or the quality of labor rather than in technical changes. Ac

한국(韓國)의 인구변화(人口變化)와 경제발전(經濟發展) 경제(經濟)모델을 중심(中心)으로

노공균 ( Kong Kyun Ro ),조남훈 ( Nam Hoon Cho ),박대근 ( Dae Keun Park ) 한국보건사회연구원 1983 保健社會硏究 Vol.3 No.1

The purposes of this paper are to formulate an economic-demographic growth model for Korea and to analyse the policy impacts on population change and economic development. It is hoped that the result of this study would contribute to formulating a more efficient economic- demographic policy. An economic-demographic growth model for Korea is formulated on the basis of the Suits- Mason model and other relevant models. The equations which explain the level of economic variables in the model are estimate by econometric methods using time-series data. Four variables are selected as policy variables. They are total fertility rate (TFR), marginal growth capital formation rate (MGCFR), high school education rate of the working age population (RHE), and emigration rate (EMR). A each different scenario is assigned to each of these variables, and the future levels of economic and demographic variables under these scenarios are calculated using simulation methods. Then, economic gains from each policy are computed to provide a basis for appraising alternative policies. The major findings from this study are as follows. The target fertility control policy is efficient in reducing the population growth rate and in increasing the GNP growth rate. The investment policy and education policy contribute to a rapid economic growth by increasing both capital stock and human capital. The emigration policy has a direct significant effect on the size of population, but has an insignificant effect on economic growth. If the policy mix of the fertility control policy and the investment policy is used, the economic gain will be greater than the sum of the economic gains from each policy. That indicates that syneric effect may be obtained by combining appropriate policies. In conclusion, a proper mix of various policies is essential to obtain a balanced and rapid economic growth through syneric effects.

병원 단위비용 결정요인에 관한 연구

노공균 ( Kong Kyun Ro ),이선 ( Seon Lee ) 한국병원경영학회 2004 병원경영학회지 Vol.9 No.1

The objective of this study is to examine how to maximize the efficiency of hospital management by minimizing the unit cost of hospital operation. For this purpose, this paper proposes to develop a model of the profit maximization based on the cost minimization dictum using the statistical tools of arriving at the maximum likelihood values. The preliminary survey data are collected from the annual statistics and their analyses published by Korea Health Industry Development Institute and Korean Hospital Association. The maximum likelihood value statistical analyses are conducted from the information on the cost (function) of each of 36 hospitals selected by the random stratified sampling method according to the size and location (urban or rural) of hospitals. We believe that, although the size of sample is relatively small, because of the sampling method used and the high response rate, the power of estimation of the results of the statistical analyses of the sample hospitals is acceptable. The conceptual framework of analyses is adopted from the various models of the determinants of hospital costs used by the previous studies. According to this framework, the study postulates that the unit cost of hospital operation is determined by the size, scope of service, technology (production function) as measured by capacity utilization, labor capital ratio and labor input-mix variables, and by exogeneous variables. The variables to represent the above cost determinants are selected by using the step-wise regression so that only the statistically significant variables may be utilized in analyzing how these variables impact on the hospital unit cost. The results of the analyses show that the models of hospital cost determinants adopted are well chosen. The various models analyzed have the (goodness of fit) overall determination (R2) which all turned out to be significant, regardless of the variables put in to represent the cost determinants. Specifically, the size and scope of service, no matter how it is measured, i.e., number of admissions per bed, number of ambulatory visits per bed, adjusted inpatient days and adjusted outpatients, have overall effects of reducing the hospital unit costs as measured by the cost per admission, per inpatient day, or office visit implying the existence of the economy of scale in the hospital operation. Thirdly, the technology used in operating a hospital has turned out to have its ramifications on the hospital unit cost similar to those postulated in the static theory of the firm. For example, the capacity utilization as represented by the inpatient days per employee tuned out to have statistically significant negative impacts on the unit cost of hospital operation, while payroll expenses per inpatient cost has a positive effect. The input-mix of hospital operation, as represented by the ratio of the number of doctor, nurse or medical staff per general employee, supports the known thesis that the specialized manpower costs more than the general employees. The labor/capital ratio as represented by the employees per 100 beds is shown to have a positive effect on the cost as expected. As for the exogeneous variable`s impacts on the cost, when this variable is represented by the percent of urban 100 population at the location where the hospital is located, the regression analysis shows that the hospitals located in the urban area have a higher cost than those in the rural area. Finally, the case study of the sample hospitals offers a specific information to hospital administrators about how they share in terms of the cost they are incurring in comparison to other hospitals. For example, if his/her hospital is of small size and located in a city, he/she can compare the various costs of his/her hospital operation with those of other similar hospitals. Therefore, he/she may be able to find the reasons why the cost of his/her hospital operation has a higher or lower cost than other similar hospitals in w

A Cohort Study of Mental, Physical and Behavioral Impacts of Early (at Age 55) Compulsory Retirement in Korea

Duk-Sung Kim(金德聖),Sae-Kwon Kong(孔世權),Kong-Kyun Ro(魯公均) 한국인구학회 1988 한국인구학 Vol.11 No.1

保健과 人口問題와 經濟開發

魯公均,文玉綸 대한의학협회 1972 대한의학협회지 Vol.15 No.8

美國病院에 있어서 酬價上昇 原因과 情報體系를 利用한 上昇抑制對策

魯公均,盧信泳 서울대학교병원부설 병원연구소 1983 병원연구 Vol.4 No.-

Market and Non-Market Activities and Its Effect on Health from the Perspective of the Allocation of Time

Ro, Kong-Kyun,Cho, Nam-Hoon,Lee, Byoung-Woo 한국인구보건연구원 1993 保健社會論集 Vol.13 No.1