이브 클랭(Yves Klein) 작업의 전후사회 비판과 지역성의 체험적 구현

전지희 홍익대학교 대학원 2019 국내석사

This thesis attempts to study Yves Klein (1928-1962) who investigates the postwar France with a critical perspective and also provides artistic solutions based on his own local and cultural context of Côte d’Azur. Especially, Klein criticizes the oppressive policies of the time as well as the capitalist system that causes an alienation problem in society at large. He tries to overcome these contradictions by integrating art production with leisure. Klein’s work was done in a wide variety of ways, ranging from IKB (International Klein Blue) monochrome paintings and ready-made objects which are representative works of Klein to public events and performances, conceptual art, films, and architecture projects. In particular, l’immatériel, which is a prominent artistic attribute in Klein’s work since the late 1950s, overcomes the physical limitation and introduces language, body and speech acts as major components of art works. By doing so, his works imply the semantic aspects which complement the formal analysis. Since the 2000s, discussions on Klein have been mainly divided into two directions. The first perspective concentrates on reconsidering the artist’s social criticism reflected in his immaterial and conceptual works. This study points out that the existing research is limited in reading Klein as a transcendental person or a weirdo because of his fascination with mysticism, or as an artist who pursued an art disconnected from the political realities of the time. The other highlights Klein in his relation with Nice, a specific local background. In fact, the second argument has been consistently explored since the 1960s focusing on the local artist association Ecole de Nice, but it has been brought to the surface again after it had been once forgotten due to the art history centered on major cities such as Paris and New York. The former perspective has been explored in the mainstream of art history and international exhibitions in various aspects since the 2000s. On the other hand, the studies focusing on locality are not actively discussed in the discourse of international art history and most of the research has been conducted mainly in Côte d’Azur, yet, in 2012 as a exception, the Rosemary O’Neil’s study published in America. Therefore, by linking the recent studies and focusing on locality, this thesis claims that Klein’s critical perspective on the society becomes more noticeable and meaningful within the context of the locality of southern France and the relation with Ecole de Nice which implies the possibility of overcoming alienation. In the formation of Ecole de Nice in 1960, Klein actually proposes the series of artistic projects that could free people from the alienation issue of daily lives and from the heaviness of reality. The reason why he tries to do is that he desired to create the better society and the more desirable community under the banner of the Blue Revolution. In studying Klein’s social criticism and analyzing it in relation with locality, this thesis is based on the social historical perspective to examine the historical context surrounding artists and his work; particularly, the critique of everyday life is used, which is the sociological theory of the late 1950s grounded in early Marxism. The political, economic and sociocultural context of the end of 1950s to 1960s can be summarized as follows. The controlled and oppressive atmosphere that overwhelms people and the prevalence of alienation result from the quantitative system of advanced capitalism as well as the discreteness of the elements of the everyday (work - family and private life – leisure activities). This thesis further suggest that one could highlight Klein as an artist no less eager to reform the contradictions of postwar society than the political avant-garde groups, including the Situationist International, with this particular context of the times. In addition, the critique of everyday life theoretically supports the argument of chapter III. For instance, Klein has characterized the artistic features of Ecole de Nice as “en vacances” and “art de la santé”. The issue of artistic labor and the capital structure of Parisian art market which marginalize artists in the early 1960s are at the heart of his designation. This thesis also notes that Klein’s project of the Blue Revolution and his identification of Ecole de Nice are specifically aligned with the strategy of the cultural revolution, which was presented in the Henri Lefebvre’s critique of everyday life. Lefebvre criticizes the everyday life with the issue of alienation caused by the pressure of productivity and insists that the cultural revolution through playing games or festivals could make a radical change. Therefore. it would unite leisure, work, and family or a private life as a whole. In this light, this thesis insists that Klein’s characterization of Ecole de Nice, which implies the integration of labor and leisure, criticizes the colonization of the everyday life and contains a willingness to overcome alienation by deviating from the capitalist system. Furthermore, Klein’s perspective on glocalism and his emphasis on locality against the nationalistic postwar Paris art world exemplify today’s globalized art world with a potential to attack the existing center-periphery hierarchy that centered on Paris and New York. In addition, le quotidien, the concept which reveals the potential for transformation and the power of creativity underlying mundane everyday life, was noted as a fundamental element for revolution in both postwar French academia and visual arts. And this concept was commonly explored in the works of Klein and the Ecole de Nice. Therefore, at the end of chapter III, this thesis makes the locality visible by comparing Klein’s work with that of Ben Vautier and Supports/Surfaces with a focus on the le quotidien and also on their strategies to introduce festival and leisure into daily life. In conclusion, their will to break away from the structures of capitalist labor and their unconventional attitude with emphasis on leisure culture and festivals have to be seen as a critical voice about the society as well as a political gesture that actually resonate with the context of the times from the late 1950s to the early 1970s. Thus, this study aims to read Klein’s career more interrelatedly and comprehensively by taking a close look at his social criticism in line with the locality. 본 논문은 이브 클랭(Yves Klein, 1928-1962)을 코트다쥐르(Côte d’Azur)라는 작가 자신의 지역적·문화적 배경에 기초하여 전후 프랑스 사회를 비판적인 시선으로 기록하고, 그에 대한 예술적 대안책을 마련해온 작가로서 조명한다. 특히 클랭은 당대의 정치사회적 현실의 통제적 분위기 및 갖은 소외를 야기하는 자본주의 체제를 비판하고, 예술 생산 활동과 여가를 통합하여 이 모순을 극복하고자 했다. 클랭의 작업은 그를 대표하는 푸른 모노크롬 회화와 레디메이드 오브제 뿐 아니라, 대중적인 이벤트와 퍼포먼스, 개념미술, 필름, 건축 등 장르를 넘나들며 다각적으로 이루어졌다. 특히 클랭의 1950년대 후반 작업에서 두드러지는 예술적 속성인 ‘비물질성(immatérialité)’은 물리적인 한계를 벗어나 언어, 신체 및 발화 행위 등을 작품의 구성요소로서 적극적으로 끌어들인다. 이로써 그의 작업은 형식 분석만으로는 읽어낼 수 없는 의미론적인 측면을 함축한다. 2000년대 이후 클랭에 관한 논의는 크게 두 방향으로 분리된다. 먼저, 작가의 비물질적이고 개념적 작업들에 내포된 작가의 사회 비판적 시선을 재고하는 것이다. 이 연구는 기존의 미술사가 신비주의 사상과의 관계 안에서 클랭을 초월적이거나 괴짜와 같은 인물로서 조명하거나, 한편으로는 정치적 상황과 유리된 예술을 추구하는 작가로서 평가하는 다소 한정적인 측면이 있었음을 지적한다. 다른 하나는 니스라는 구체적인 지역과의 관계 속에서 클랭을 조명하는 연구다. 이와 같은 연구는 1960년대 이후 ‘에콜 드 니스(Ecole de Nice)’라는 지역 미술가 연합과 관련하여 지속적으로 탐구되어 왔으나, 파리-뉴욕 등 주요 도시를 중심으로 구성된 미술사로 인해 잊혔던 것을 다시 수면 위로 끌어 올린 것이다. 클랭의 사회 비판적 시선을 조명하는 전자의 관점은 2000년대 이후의 주요 연구들과 국제 전시들에서 복합적으로 탐구되어왔다. 반면, ‘지역성(locality)’과의 연관성에 주목하는 연구는 2012년 미국에서 이루어진 로즈마리 오닐(Rosemary O’Neil)의 연구를 제외하고는 대부분 코트다쥐르 현지에 한하여 이루어졌기에, 국제적인 미술사 담론 안에서 적극적으로 논의되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 따라 연구자는 분리되어 있는 최근의 경향들을 연계하고 지역성에 주목하고자 했다. 왜냐하면 클랭의 사회 비판적인 태도는 소외 극복의 가능성을 내포한 남부 프랑스의 지역성 및 ‘에콜 드 니스’와 연계하여 고찰할 때 더욱 두드러지며, 그 의의를 확장할 수 있기 때문이다. 실제로 클랭은 1960년 에콜 드 니스의 창립과 함께 일상을 장악한 소외의 문제와 현실의 무게로부터 자유로워질 수 있는 예술적인 기획들을 제시했다. 본고는 클랭의 현실 비판성을 탐구하고 이를 지역성과 연관 지어 살펴봄에 있어 작가와 작품을 둘러싼 복합적인 시대적 맥락을 살피는 사회사적 접근법에 기초하며, 구체적으로는 초기 마르크스주의에 기반한 1950년대 후반의 사회학 이론인 ‘일상생활 비판이론’을 사용한다. 클랭과 그의 작업이 관계하는 1950년대 말-1960년대 초의 정치·경제·사회문화적인 맥락은 다음과 같이 요약될 수 있다. 자국민들을 짓누르는 통제적이고 압제적인 분위기와 함께, 양적(quantitative) 맥락의 선진 자본주의 체제 및 일상의 요소들(노동-삶-여가 활동)의 분리로 인한 소외의 문제가 만연해 있었다는 것이다. 이와 같은 구체적인 시대적 맥락 속에서 클랭의 작업을 탐구할 때, 클랭이 동시대 상황주의 인터내셔널(Situationist International)을 비롯한 정치적 아방가르드들만큼이나 전후 사회 전반의 모순들에 대해 궁극적인 개혁 의지를 지니고 있었음을 부각시킬 수 있다. 아울러 ‘일상생활 비판이론’은 III장의 논지를 이론적으로 뒷받침한다. 특히, 클랭은 ‘에콜 드 니스’의 예술적 특성을 ‘늘 휴가 중(en vacances)’이며 ‘건강함의 예술(art de la santé)’ 로 규명한 바 있다. 이러한 클랭의 정의에는 1960년대 초 예술가들을 소외시키는 파리 미술 시장의 자본적 구조 및 예술 노동의 이슈가 연관되어 있었다. 논자는 클랭의 ‘푸른 혁명’의 기획과 ‘에콜 드 니스’에 대한 성격 규명이 구체적으로는 앙리 르페브르(Henri Lefebvre)의 일상생활 비판이론에서 제기된 ‘문화혁명(Cultural Revolution)’의 전략과 맞닿아 있다고 보았다. 르페브르는 생산성에 대한 강요 및 착취로 인한 소외의 문제를 야기하는 일상적 삶을 비판하고, 놀이와 축제를 통한 ‘문화혁명’으로 여가, 노동 , 삶이 하나가 되는 근본적인 변혁을 꾀할 수 있다고 주장했다. 이러한 측면에서 연구자는 노동과 여가의 통합을 시사하는 에콜 드 니스에 대한 클랭의 자기정체성의 규명이 일상을 식민화하는 파리의 자본주의적 체제를 비판하고, 이로부터 일탈함으로써 소외를 극복하고자 하는 의지를 담고 있었음에 주목할 것이다. 더불어 클랭이 보수적인 전후 파리 미술계에 저항하며 보여주었던 글로컬리즘적인 태도와 지역성에 대한 강조는, 파리와 뉴욕 위주로 구성된 기존의‘중심과 주변부(center-periphery)’라는 위계를 공격할 수 있는 가능성을 지니며 오늘날의 글로벌한 상황을 예견한다. 뿐만 아니라, 평범한 일상생활의 기저에 변혁의 가능성과 창조적 에너지가 내포되어 있음을 밝혀내는 ‘일상성(le quotidien)’의 개념은 전후 프랑스 학계와 시각예술 모두에서 개혁을 위한 근본적인 출발점으로 주목된 바 있다. 이와 같은 ‘일상성’은 클랭과 에콜 드 니스 작가들의 작업에서 역시 공통적으로 탐구되었다. 이에 따라 연구자는 III장의 마지막 부분에서‘일상성’의 개념과 놀이 및 축제를 일상에 도입하는 미적 전략을 중심으로, 클랭과 벤 보티에(Ben Vautier), 쉬포르/쉬르파스(Supports/Surfaces) 등 에콜 드 니스의 작업을 비교해볼 것이다. 이로써 이들의 작업에서 구체화되고 있는 코트다쥐르의 지역성을 입체적으로 드러내고자 한다. 결론적으로 연구자는 이들이 표명했던 상업 체계에 대한 반항적 의지와 여가문화에 대한 강조를 통해 보여준 일탈적인 면모가, 1950년대 후반에서부터 1970년대 초에 이르는 시대적 맥락과 공명하는 정치적인 몸짓이자 사회 비판적인 목소리의 표출이었음을 밝히고자 한다. 이로써 본 연구는 클랭의 현실 비판성을 지역성과 연계하여 그의 전체 작업을 보다 유기적이고 총체적으로 읽어내는 의의를 가질 수 있을 것이다.

"Paper has been my ruin": On the organization of polysemous senses

Klein, Devorah Emily University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2000 해외박사(DDOD)

Previous research (Klein & Murphy) has suggested that multiple senses of polysemous words might be represented separately. This thesis examined how these diverse senses might be organized, by using categorization research to examine the problem of polysemy. Categorization paradigms such as forced-choice sorting (in the first 5 experiments) and induction (in the final experiment) were used to assess whether the polysemous senses are related and what forms those relations might take. Experiment 1 showed that people do not readily see connections between the different senses of polysemous words. However, they do see connections between phrases using the same sense of a polysemous word, as was shown in Experiment 2. Experiment 3 compared polysemous sorting to a baseline of homonyms, whose meanings are unrelated, and showed that people see more connections between the different polysemous senses than between the different homonym meanings. Experiments 4 and 5 looked at whether there are relations between the different polysemous senses that are primable, and found no evidence for this. Finally, Experiment 6 used an induction task to examine whether the relative closeness of polysemous senses as compared to homonyms might also be found in a category use task. Subjects did in fact make stronger inferences to the different sense polysemous items than to the different meaning homonym ones. These results as a whole support the view that polysemous senses are relatively separate. In addition, they demonstrate that while the senses are semantically similar, they may not be connected through explicit relational links. The data seem to be consistent with a feature-overlap model of lexical ambiguity (Kawamoto, 1993) and with extensional approaches to categorization (Lakoff, 1987; Malt, Sloman, Gennari, Shi & Wang, 1999). A greater understanding of how the different senses of polysemous words are connected and what information about the connections is represented constrains both models of polysemous words as well as can inform general models of words meaning.

The prinicpals' perspective of sustainable partnerships in New York City's new school initiative

Klein, Robert New York University 2010 해외박사(DDOD)

New York City's Mayor Michael Bloomberg and school's Chancellor Joel Klein made the creation of new schools an essential part of their Children First reform policy. In September 2002, 13 high schools opened replacing the lowest performing large high schools throughout the City. As of 2010, more than 400 new district and charter schools are in operation across the City. High schools involved this initiative have a variety of themes and philosophies yet all new school proposals required a "lead partner" in the co-creation, design and operation of these schools. Lead Partnership was defined in the Department of Education literature to include roles and responsibilities in four key areas: leadership and decision making, governance, day-to-day operations, programming and curriculum development. This dissertation illustrates the characteristics of sustainable partnerships. I interviewed six principals who started schools in the first two years of the initiative. I also reviewed their original proposals. The criteria for participation in the study included principals of schools at a "midlife" stage of development defined as the period of operation following the support of an intermediary organization, past the four-year Gates Foundation grant funding cycle and "fully operational"- including all ninth through twelfth grades and having graduated at least one class. In theory, private-public partnerships are meant to bring innovation, resources and alternative models of leadership into schools. The findings suggest that all schools benefited from additional resources, funding and professional expertise attained through these partnerships. There was however varying degrees of involvement in the four key areas of operations that define lead partners. A Continuum of Partnership Relationships was developed arranging these schools into four categories: Institutionalized; Intermittent; Participatory Vendor and Uninvolved partnerships. Further analysis revealed three common characteristics for building and maintaining sustainable partnerships. These included partners having: a vested interest; close proximity to the school; and capacity for educational competencies. Three factors also contribute to the challenge of defining and executing roles and responsibilities leading to sustainable relationships. These included going to scale with thematic programs, the expected length of the partnership, and the accountability of the partner to the academic success of the school.

Die Transformation von Ordnungen in der dualistischen Theorie und in der Neuen Politischen !2oukonomie

Klein, Michael Botermann und Botermann 1995 국내석사

Duality in daynamic programming : by Cerry M. Klein

Klein, Cerry M Purdue University 1983 국내박사

Die Klonierung von DNA aus Zuckerruben (Beta vulgaris L.) und Gerste (Hordeum vulgare L.) in ...

Kleine, Michael 1993 국내박사

Menschliche Immunglobulingene vom κ-Typ : Das Repertoire exprimierter Vk-Gene

Klein, Ralph 1994 국내박사

The Acquisition of Emglish in Hawaii Korean Adolescent Immigrants; a Longitudinal Study of Verbal Development

Klein Edward F The University of Hawaii 1981 해외박사

Halobakterielle Retinalproteine : Identifizierung und Sequenzierung des sopII-Locus aus Haloarcula vallismortis und Beschreibung weiterer Ionenpumpen und Sensoren in halophilen Archaea

Kleine, Karl 1994 국내박사

Entwicklung, Bau und Test eines Halbleiter-Bildzellendetektors fu@r den Einsatz in der Teilchenphysik

Klein, Peter 1995 국내박사