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Rock type classification by multi-band TIR of ASTER
Hiroshi Watanabe,Kazuaki Matsuo 한국지질과학협의회 2003 Geosciences Journal Vol.7 No.4
The ASTER TIR (thermal infrared radiometer)sensor has 5 spectral bands over 8 to 12 mm region. Rock type clas-sification using the ASTER TIR nighttime data was performed inthe Erta Ale range of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Erta Ale range isthe most important axial volcanic chain of the Afar region. Thepetrographic diversity of lava erupted in this area is very impor-tant, ranging from magnesian transitional basalt to rhyolites. Wetried to classify the rock types based on the spectral behavior of eachvolcanic rock types in thermal infrared range and estimated SiO2content with emission data by the ASTER TIR. The associated VNIRand digital terrain model (DTM) derived from the stereo pair in thesame data set provided a consistent result with that from TIR.
( In-hee Hwang ),( Kazuaki Mukaiyama ),( Takayuki Matsuo ),( Toshihiko Matsuto ),( Ryoji Sameshima ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2016 한국폐기물자원순환학회 춘계학술발표논문집 Vol.2016 No.-
In the dry scrubbing process, acidic gases generated from waste incinerator are neutralized by alkaline agents sprayed into a duct after gas quenching. Calcium hydroxide is a typical reagent used in this method and its reaction products are often removed at fabric filters. The solid-gas reaction of calcium hydroxide and hydrogen chloride is well known as follows: Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> + 2HCl → CaCl<sub>2</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (1). Recently, the reaction of calcium hydroxide and hydrogen chloride is suggested as two stages of reactions: Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> + HCl → CaClOH + H<sub>2</sub>O (2) and CaClOH + HCl + H<sub>2</sub>O → CaCl<sub>2</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O (3). It indicates that the removal rate of hydrogen chloride greatly depends on the progress of second reaction under a certain amount of calcium hydroxide. It is critical to know the mechanism and final product of the reaction between calcium hydroxide and hydrogen chloride for the determination of spray amount of calcium hydroxide required for hydrogen chloride removal. In this work, the questionnaire survey to operating municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) was performed to understand the effects of operation conditions, e.g. inlet temperature of fabric filter, water vapor content in flue gas, kinds of calcium hydroxides and its spray amount, etc., on the form of reaction product of calcium hydroxide and hydrogen chloride as well as on the removal rate of hydrogen chloride. In addition, the composition of calcium compounds (Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>, CaCl<sub>2</sub>, CaCl<sub>2</sub>·4H<sub>2</sub>O, CaClOH, CaCO<sub>3</sub>, and CaSO<sub>4</sub>) in fly ashes sampled from 37 MSWIs was measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis using an internal standard method. As the results, the lower inlet temperature of fabric filter was the higher removal rate of hydrogen chloride in flue gas. Spray of high reactive calcium hydrate was also favorable to hydrogen chloride removal. However, calcium chloride or hydrate calcium chloride was not detected in all fly ash samples. Only calcium chloride hydroxide was detected as a product of calcium hydroxide and hydrogen chloride regardless of flue gas treatment conditions in MSWIs. From these results, it is concluded that calcium chloride hydroxide is only formed as a final reaction product of calcium hydroxide and hydrogen chloride under current operation condition of dry scrubbing process. Excess spray of calcium chloride is considered as one of reasons why calcium chloride is not formed in dry scrubbing process. If hydrogen chloride reacts preferentially with calcium hydroxide rather than calcium chloride hydroxide, the formation of calcium chloride may be hindered under the condition that calcium hydroxide exists in excess amount compared to that of hydrogen chloride. Reaction 1 has been commonly used as a stoichiometric reaction of calcium hydroxide and hydrogen chloride in dry scrubbing process, but its validity should be practically reviewed by further study.