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일반논문 : 일본 양원제 하에서의 여야 역전과 정권 운영
가와토사다후미 ( Kawato,Sadafumi ) 한국선거학회 2012 선거연구 Vol.2 No.1
고이즈미 준이치로(小泉純一郞) 내각이 2006년 퇴진한 이후, 5년 사이에 6명의수상이 등장하였다. 본 논문에서는 이들 내각 중 몇 개의 내각이 직면하였던 중참(중(衆)의원과 참(參)의원) 역전(逆轉) 국회 및 정권 운영 문제에 대하여 논하기로 한다. 중참 역전국회에서는 첫째로 정권의 존립을 위해서는 국회로부터의 수상이나 내각에 대한 신임이 필요하며, 이를 위해서는 중의원내 집권당으로부터의 수상에 대한 지지가 필수적이다. 둘째로 중참 역전 국회에서 정부제출법안을 성립시키기 위해서는 야당이 받아들일 때까지 법안을 수정하는 양보가 필요하다. 2007년부터의 중참 역전 국회 기간 중 자민-공명 연립정권은 아베, 후쿠다, 아소로 이어져 단기간에 교체가 계속되었으나, 집권당 내의 수상에 대한 지지는 흔들림이 없었으므로 중의원 내에서 내각에 대한 신임은 별 문제가 없었다. 또한 자민-공명 집권기간에는 집권당측이 중의원에서 3분의 2를 넘는 의석을 확보하고 있었으므로, 법안이 야당이 다수를 차지하고 있는 참의원에서 부결되어도 중의원에서 3분의 2의다수로 재가결시킬 수 있었다. 반면 만주당의 간 내각은 정권의 존립을 위해서는 중의원내 집권당으로부터의 수상에 대한 지지가 필수적임에도 오자와 전 대표 및 오자와계 의원을 배제하여 반발을 샀고, 당내 대립을 격화시켰다. 또한 중참 역전 국회상황 하에서 정부가 법안을 성립시키기 위해서는 정부 제출 법안을 야당이 허용할 때까지 수정하는 양보 외에는 방법이 없다고 볼 수 있으나, 간 내각은 중요한 예산관련 법안 등에 대한 정부 원안의 수정을 가장 싫어하여, 참의원에서 다수파의 지지를 얻기 위한 연립공작이나 야당에 대해 법안의 수정 없이 무조건적인 협력 요청을 우선하였다. This paper deals with the phenomena of divided control of parliament (the two Houses controled by two different parties) and the consequent problem of government management, which several Japanese cabinets had to face since 2006. First, under the condition of divided control, it is important to secure the governing party`s support for the Prime Minister in the House of Representatives (the Lower House). Second, in order to pass government- sponsored bills, the government must make concessions to the opposition parties, and keep revising the bills until the opposition parties accept them. During the period of divided control of parliament since 2007, the Liberal Democractic Party-New Komeito coalition government went through a series of quick cabinet changes, from Abe, Fukuda, and to Aso. Yet, the support for the Prime Minister within the governing parties was secure, and getting the vote of confidence in the House of Representatives was not a problem. Also during this period of coalition government, the governing parties secured more than two thirds of the total seats in the House of Representatives. Therefore, even when a bill was rejected in the House of Councillors (the Upper House) controled by the opposition party, the government could override it with the two thirds of votes in the House of Representatives. In contrast, the Democratic Party`s Kan cabinet could not secure the gov-erning party`s support of the Prime Minister in the House of Representatives. The cabinet excluded Mr. Ozawa, the former head of the Democratic Party, and his followers within the House of Representatives, thus intensifying conflicts within the party. Kan cabinet also went against the strategy of conceding to the opposition in the passing of government bills, as he disliked the idea of revising the original government bills (especially, major budget-related bills). Therefore, the cabinet gave a priority to requesting unconditional cooperation from the opposition parties without using strategy to secure a majority support in the House of Councillors, or conceding to make revisions of the bills.
Satoh, T.,Nishikawa, N.,Kawato, D.,Suemasa, D.,Jung, S.,Kim, Y.,Ree, M.,Kakuchi, T. Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 Polymer chemistry Vol.5 No.2
Well-defined hydroxyl end-functionalized poly(n-hexyl isocyanate), PHIC-(OH)(2) and PHIC-(OH)(3), as rod-type macroinitiators were synthesized by the Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions of azido end-functionalized PHIC with ethynyl alcohol derivatives. The PHIC-(OH)(2) and PHIC-(OH) 3 were suitable macroinitiators for the ring-opening polymerization of L-LA and epsilon-CL leading to the synthesis of novel rod-coil type miktoarm star copolymers, PHIC-b-PLLA(2), PHIC-b-PLLA(3), PHIC-b-PCL2, and PHIC-b-PCL3, with controlled molecular weights, narrow polydispersities, and controlled arm numbers. Additionally, the thermal and solution properties of the obtained miktoarm star copolymers along with the corresponding block copolymers, PHIC-b-PLLA and PHIC-b-PCL, were characterized by TGA, DSC, and DLS analyses.
Kim, Young Yong,Jung, Sungmin,Kim, Changsub,Ree, Brian J.,Kawato, Daisuke,Nishikawa, Naoki,Suemasa, Daichi,Isono, Takuya,Kakuchi, Toyoji,Satoh, Toshifumi,Ree, Moonhor American Chemical Society 2014 Macromolecules Vol.47 No.21
<P>A series of miktoarm star polymers, [poly(<I>n</I>-hexyl isocyanate)(12K)]–[poly(ε-caprolactone)<SUB>1–3</SUB>(5K)] (PHIC–PCL<SUB>1–3</SUB>) (composed of a rigid self-assembling PHIC arm and one to three flexible crystallizable PCL arms), were investigated to examine the polymers’ thermal properties and nanoscale thin film morphologies. The miktoarm polymers were stable up to 180 °C. The PHIC and PCL arm components underwent phase separation during the solution casting, drying, and post toluene-annealing processes, forming interesting but very complex thin film morphologies. The resulting thin film morphologies were examined in detail for the first time using synchrotron grazing incidence X-ray scattering (GIXS) measurements and quantitative data analysis. All of the miktoarm star polymer films formed vertically well-oriented lamellar structures, regardless of the number and length of PCL arms. These structures were quite different from the cylindrical structures commonly observed in conventional flexible diblock copolymer films having comparable volume fractions. The individual PHIC and PCL lamellar domains self-assembled to form their own respective morphological structures. The PHIC lamellae consisted of a mixture of horizontal and vertical multibilayer structure domains, as observed in the PHIC homopolymer film. The PCL lamellae formed fringed micelle-like crystals and/or highly imperfect folded crystals that differed significantly from the structures found in a PCL homopolymer film composed of typical folded lamellar crystals. These PCL crystals were formed with a mixture of vertical and horizontal orthorhombic lattices. Overall, the GIXS analysis revealed that the parameters that characterized the hierarchical structures in the thin films depended significantly on the number and length of the PCL arm and its crystallization characteristics as well as the chain rigidity and multibilayer structure formation characteristics of the PHIC arm.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/mamobx/2014/mamobx.2014.47.issue-21/ma501695b/production/images/medium/ma-2014-01695b_0011.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ma501695b'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>