Use of Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR)-Knockout Mice to Probe the Mechanism of Chemically-Induced Asthma

Karol, Meryl H.,Matheson, Joanna M.,Lange, Robert W.,Lemus, Ranulfo,Luster, Michael I. The Korean Society of Toxicology Korea Environment 2001 Toxicological Research Vol.17 No.-

Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is widely used in the manufacture of polyurethanes and is a recognized cause of occupational asthma. Although extensive investigations have been undertaken, the molecular mechanism(s) of the disease is still unclear. We hypothesized that inflammatory cytokines are required during both the sensitization and elicitation phases of the disease and have utilized TNF-R knock-out (KO) mice to address the hypothesis. Black C57 TNFR knock-out mice were exposed to TDI by sc injection and challenged by inhalation of 100 ppb TDI vapor. Control animals included: wild type C57 animals, sham-exposed animals that were challenged with TDI, and animals that were injected with anti-TNF antibodies prior to sensitization and again prior to challenge. Total IgE was increased in the knock-out animals compared with the wild type sensitized and challenged animals whereas TDI-specific IgG antibodies did not differ significantly in KO and wild type animals. There was less inflammation in the nares and trachea in KO animals compared with the wild type animals exposed to TD1 as well as less goblet cell hyperplasia and epithelial damage. Airway reactivity was assessed in animals treated with anti-TNF$\alpha$ antibody and found to be substantially reduced compared with that in sensitized and challenged animals. These results indicate that TNF$\alpha$ plays a role in the immunologic and physiologic responses and in airways inflammation in this animal model and suggests a role for TNF in occupational asthma due to TDI.

Social CRM Redefined? Promise-Based Social CRM Model and Enterprise Applications For Corporate Social Profile Management

Karol Jacewicz,조준서(June Suh Cho) 한국경영학회 2012 Korea Business Review Vol.16 No.4

소셜CRM에 대한 현대적인 접근 방법에 대해서 소개하고 소셜CRM개념의 재 정의 과정에서 해결될 수 있는 주요 문제와 불분명한 이슈에 대해 논의한다. 또한 관계, 기술진화, 확대측면에서 소셜CRM의 이론적인 배경에 대해서 논의한다. 기술 및 마케팅 환경의 폭넓은 이해가 자연적인 진화에 의해 발생되었고, 기업과 고객 사이의 상대적 힘의 균형이 분열되었지만 (서비스와 관계 마케팅에서 고객 관계 관리를 통한 소셜CRM으로), 마케팅에서 관계 사용에 대해 지속적 변화가 논의되고 있다. 이 논문에서는 소셜CRM과 그 관점에서 수집 한 지식을 기반으로 소셜CRM 캠페인 수행과 운영을 통해 소셜 고객의 중요성을 확인하고(기업의 의사소통 참여에 관계를 맺거나 억제하는), 새로운 약속기반 소셜 CRM 모델을 제시하였다. Presents an overview of contemporary approaches towards Social CRM and concludes that majority of the problematic and unclear issues could be resolved during a process of redefining the concept. Introduces and describes the theoretical backgrounds of Social CRM and divides them into three aspects: relationship, technological evolution and augmentation. Argues that consecutive changes in marketing usage of relationships (from service and relationship marketing, through customer relationship management, to the Social CRM), although caused by the natural evolution of the widely understood technological and marketing environment, disrupted relative balance of power between company and its clients. Based on the gathered knowledge on both Social CRM and its aspects, identifies the importance of social customers (both engaging and refraining from engaging in communication with the company) in implementing and managing Social CRM campaigns; and introduces the Promise-based Social CRM model.

Brain-Gut-Microbiota Axis in Alzheimer’s Disease

Karol Kowalski,Agata Mulak 대한소화기 기능성질환∙운동학회 2019 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.25 No.1

Disturbances along the brain-gut-microbiota axis may significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most frequent cause of dementia characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive function associated with the formation of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Alterations in the gut microbiota composition induce increased permeability of the gut barrier and immune activation leading to systemic inflammation, which in turn may impair the blood-brain barrier and promote neuroinflammation, neural injury, and ultimately neurodegeneration. Recently, Aβ has also been recognized as an antimicrobial peptide participating in the innate immune response. However, in the dysregulated state, Aβ may reveal harmful properties. Importantly, bacterial amyloids through molecular mimicry may elicit cross-seeding of misfolding and induce microglial priming. The Aβ seeding and propagation may occur at different levels of the brain-gut-microbiota axis. The potential mechanisms of amyloid spreading include neuron-to-neuron or distal neuron spreading, direct blood-brain barrier crossing or via other cells as astrocytes, fibroblasts, microglia, and immune system cells. A growing body of experimental and clinical data confirms a key role of gut dysbiosis and gut microbiota-host interactions in neurodegeneration. The convergence of gut-derived inflammatory response together with aging and poor diet in the elderly contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Modification of the gut microbiota composition by food-based therapy or by probiotic supplementation may create new preventive and therapeutic options in AD.

Colombia and India: Analysis of the Trade Relationship (2000-2019)

Karol Stefany Rojas Tole,Alberto José Hurtado Briceño 한국라틴아메리카학회 2022 라틴아메리카연구 Vol.35 No.2

Colombia has shown a growing interest in links with Asian countries. Proof of this is the signing, in 2009, of the Bilateral Agreement for the Promotion and Protection of Investments with India —it entered into force on July 3, 2012—; the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) signed with South Korea in 2013, and in force since July 15, 2016; the progress of negotiations to achieve a trade agreement with Japan; and the start of trade missions between companies from Indonesia and Colombia. This paper analyzes the trade relationship between India and Colombia during 20002019. To this purpose, the origin and evolution of the relationship between these two countries is identified. Then, it analyzes their trade link from the analysis of data on imports, exports, and trade balance, and by estimating the revealed comparative advantage, import intensity, relative trade balance and Balassa indices. In addition, the trade opportunities derived from the results obtained are highlighted. Finally, conclusions are presented.

Multi-finger pressing synergies change with the level of extra degrees of freedom.

Karol, Sohit,Kim, You-Sin,Huang, Junfeng,Kim, Yoon Hyuk,Koh, Kyung,Yoon, Bum Chul,Shim, Jae Kun Springer-Verlag 2011 Experimental brain research Vol.208 No.3

<P>The purpose of this study was to test the principle of motor abundance, which has been hypothesized as the principle by which the central nervous system controls the excessive degrees of freedom of the human movements, in contrast to the traditional negative view of motor redundancy. This study investigated the changes in force stabilizing and moment stabilizing synergies for multi-finger pressing tasks involving different number of fingers. Twelve healthy subjects produced a constant pressing force while watching visual feedback of the total pressing force for the fingers involved in each task. Based on the principle of motor abundance, it was hypothesized that the multi-finger synergies for the total force stabilizing synergy and the total moment stabilizing synergy would be greater as the number of task finger increases. Force stabilizing and moment stabilizing synergies were quantified using the framework of the uncontrolled manifold analysis. It was found that strong force stabilizing synergies existed for all the finger combinations. The index of force stabilizing synergies was greater when the task involved more number of fingers. The index of moment stabilizing synergies was negative for the two-finger combination, representing moment destabilizing synergies. However, the index of moment stabilizing synergies was positive for three-finger and four-finger combinations, representing strong moment stabilizing synergies for these finger combinations. We interpret the findings as an evidence for the principle of abundance for stabilization of both, total force as well as total moment.</P>

Evolution of the Japanese Political Scene: Toward a Non-Issue-Oriented Two-Party System?

Karol Zakowski 서울대학교행정대학원 2011 Asian Journal of Political Science Vol.19 No.2

This article examines the nature of the two-party system in Japan. The electoral reformof 1994 has finally led to an alternation of power, but contrary to the predictions of thereformers, the competition between two major Japanese parties is not based on anysubstantial differences in their political programs. The Liberal Democratic Party and theDemocratic Party of Japan are mixtures of various groups rather than coherent parties andthe main axes of struggle on the Japanese political scene run across party divisions. Bothmajor parties are internally divided with regard to economic as well as defense policy. Themost important factor of Democratic Party of Japan’s identity has been the goal ofachieving an alternation of power and abolishing the Liberal Democratic Party style ofpolicymaking. Nevertheless, the discourse on political renewal has been undertaken also bythe Liberal Democratic Party. While the struggle between the partisans and the opponentsof Koizumi reforms continues in the Liberal Democratic Party, the Democratic Party ofJapan is torn apart between the proponents of ‘big’ and ‘small’ government.

Toward the Next Step in Social CRM using Promised-based Model

Karol Jacewicz,June-Suh Cho(조준서) 한국경영학회 2015 Korea Business Review Vol.19 No.1

소셜CRM의 현대 지식이 개념에 대한 실질적인 연구를 할 만큼 포괄적이고, 널리 동의할 만큼 충분한 지 이 논문은 질문을 제기하고 있다. 이 논문은 소셜CRM의 발전에 관심 있는 학자들에 대한 상호 거점으로 약속 기반 소셜CRM 모델을 제안하고, 그 평가에 대한 이분법적 접근 방식으로 모델을 설명한다. - 소개된 평가 모델 (현대 SCRM 모델 기준)과 조사 결과. 수행된 연구를 바탕으로, 논문은 학회가 SCRM 연구의 실질적 단계를 향해 진보하리라 기대한다. 평가 결과는 SCRM의 이론에 근거한 방식의 과학적 중요성을 증명할 뿐 아니라 약속 기반 SCRM의 모델을 긍정적으로 평가하고 정당화 하였다. The article raises the question whether the contemporary knowledge on SCRM is holistic, widely agreeable and sufficient enough to engage in the practical research of the concept. It proposes Promisebased SCRM model as a mutual base for scholars interested in further development of SCRM, and defends the model by dichotomous approach towards its evaluation ? originally introduced evaluation framework (benchmark of contemporary SCRM models), and results of a conducted survey. Based on the conducted research, the paper encourages academic society to advance towards the practical stage of SCRM research. The evaluation results can be used to prove scientific significance of the theory-driven approach towards SCRM as well as to justify and positively evaluate the proposed model of Promise-based SCRM.

Nationalism vs. Interests: A Neoclassical Realist Perspective on Japan's Policy towards China under the Second Abe Administration

Karol Zakowski 인하대학교 국제관계연구소 2019 Pacific Focus Vol.34 No.3

The aim of this article is to analyze the influence of Prime Minister AbeShinzo’s nationalist stance on Japan’s policy towards China from a neo-classical realist perspective. It is argued that the extent to which Abe’sideological leaning exerted impact on foreign policy making depended onexternal stimuli, as well as Abe’s domestic political interests. Prime Minis-ter Abe generally perceived China as a threat to Japan, and remainedassertive towards it, but he also pragmatically displayedflexibility in suchareas as history issues, security policy, and territorial dispute. This articleanalyzes these complex developments in light of the changes in interna-tional environment and domestic politics, examining three periods: Abe’sfirst administration (2006–2007); the escalation of diplomatic disputes withChina (2012–2014); and gradual rapprochement with China (since 2014).It is concluded that the nationalist beliefs of decision makers affect foreignpolicy to the greatest extent whenever they are in line with other kinds ofvariables, such as external pressures and domestic interests

Korean Cool: The impact of geek, tradition, and pop culture glocalization from Korea to America

( Karol Chandler-ezell ) 현대영미어문학회 2015 현대영미어문학회 추계학술대회 발표논문집 Vol.2015 No.-

Beginning with culture history writings from Daniel Tudor and Euny Hong and moving into anthropological theory on culture change; this presentation examines the way Korea’s unique traditions, social structure, and pop culture movements have influenced American “glocalized” culture. Local movements in Korean music, entertainment, fashion, and pop culture have created a distinct cultural identity with great international success thanks to the Hallyu. The Hallyu doesn’t end with Kpop music, K-drama, or even tech, however. Korean food, especially Korean-fusion food that mixes the traditional Korean cuisine with local and global tastes, has permeated the American food scene. Korean tech has become a symbol of reliability and innovation that supplants former Japanese and American products, making Korean the hot global flavor for pop, tech, and geek culture in the U.S. and beyond. Underlying all of this is the economic and technological success of the Republic of Korea itself. This combination of technological and pop culture success has made Korean culture the new local, global cool; as well as a fascinating model for reimagining revitalization movement theory within the context of glocalization.

미국의 헌법 애국주의 관련 자료 : 헌법 애국주의와 전투적 온건주의

( Karol Edward Sotan ),이지혜 한국법교육학회 2014 법교육연구 Vol.9 No.1