The Versions of Modern Poetry

Karas, Andrew Charles Yale University 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

"The Versions of Modern Poetry" argues that the version is one of the central, defining formal features of modern poetry, generally unrecognized but equally as essential and innovative as more widely discussed attributes such as fragmentation, collage, and irony. Like those other features, the version implies much more than a formal development: it points to how the poem and the poet are imagined and created in the modernist period. Poets as diverse and influential as T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, W. B. Yeats, Marianne Moore, W. H. Auden, and Robert Lowell all openly—and sometimes notoriously—altered their already-published poems, but critics typically treat their interventions as little more than local curiosities. I argue instead that these poets' widespread reuse of their past words challenges readers to reconceive the modernist lyric as a serial, networked event, not a lone, discrete object. Multiple versions dilate the space and time of interpretation as meaning migrates from a single location to the interstices of a dispersed, revisionary lattice of closely related texts. The existence of multiple versions therefore requires of critics a capacious reading practice that can discern, via the evolution of those versions, a retrospective narrative of authorial self-fashioning. This project dwells at the intersection of distinct critical methodologies, profiting from textual studies' close attention to variants and rigorous interrogation of the concept of the text, as well as from book history's analysis of the material contexts of publication. Indeed, the burgeoning print culture of the modernist period afforded many of the poets I study the opportunity to publish multiple versions of their poems in quick succession, in both the "little magazines" and in books that ranged from the unauthorized to the comprehensive to the exquisitely collectible. Ultimately, however, the textual and material considerations of my dissertation always return my argument to a broader analysis of authorship: of the way authors' evolving understandings of themselves, their art, and their place in history get written, and rewritten, into their texts. In this way, my dissertation both advances new analyses of familiar poetic careers—from Eliot's spiritual conversion to Lowell's stylistic reinvention, from Pound's quest for a modern long form to Moore's slow rise to celebrity—and also proposes a model of continually-adaptive authorship with implications beyond any single career or even genre.

A Strategy for Combinatorial Cavity Design in De Novo Proteins

Karas, Christina E Princeton University ProQuest Dissertations & Thes 2019 해외박사(DDOD)

Protein sequence space is vast. 6 unique proteins, assembled from degenerate oligonucleotides. The third and fourth parts of this work cover the screening effort for a range of activities, both in vitro and in vivo. I found that this collection binds heme readily, leading to abundant peroxidase activity. Hits for lipase and phosphatase activity were also detected.This thesis details the development of a new strategy for creating de novo sequences geared toward function rather than structure. Following my work, these library design principles are being applied to SynF4, a de novo enterobactin esterase, whose structure was recently solved. By diversifying the cavity of SynF4, we hope to create a new family of de novo enzymes. Altogether, this approach represents a step towards creating artificial proteomes capable of carrying out essential biological roles.

On Mass Killings Generally and Consolidative Mass Killings Specifically

Karas, Joseph A ProQuest Dissertations & Theses The University of 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation has two main parts. The first attempts to sort the many different kinds of mass killings we have observed. It traces their differences, similarities, and relationships to one another and other forms of political violence. This yields several different broad types of mass killing – coercive, repressive, developmental, expansionary, reconfigurative, and consolidative – each with different kinds of organizations competing for different kinds of political aims with different uses and patterns of mass killing.The second develops a theory of consolidative mass killing. This implies a short-term explanation for why actors competed and why their competition resulted in consolidative mass killings as well as a longer-term theory for where these actors and their conflicts came from. The short-term theory explains conflict through the nationalized, particular economic structure and explains mass killing through the organization structures of the competitors. The longer-term theory explains the evolution of these actors and their conflicts through a co-evolution of the economics, politics, and organizations.In the short-term, I argue insular elite politico-military-economic networks and mass-based political organizations found themselves competing for control of the state and economy. Because of the nature of the economy, all sides had few options for wealth and security beyond controlling the state. Because of the nature of their organizations, neither side could coopt or compel the other without drastic action. When mass-based political organizations’ attempts to overthrow these networks failed, these networks used one of their few available tools – mass killing – to consolidate their power.In the longer-term, I argue these actors and their conflicts evolved from a particular politico-economic context. Specifically, networks within the military ousted existing colonial or colonially sponsored powers. On the economic side, they inherited a relatively poor, largely agricultural economy with a few profitable exports. On the political side, they lacked strong organizational infrastructure or even informal network ties to a socially and regionally divided polity. To solve these challenges, these military networks pursued several political and economic policies simultaneously. Specifically, theysought to create national identities, rituals and practices, and sometimes one-party organizations. if this was unavailable, they sought to coopt existing political organizations in their state-building attempts.seized control of profitable export sectors, sought foreign investment, and pursued land reforms. all of this corresponded to their state-building projects: collecting resources for re-investment or patronage, weakening rivals, and attracting new supporters.On the one hand, these policies achieved many of their aims. Their economies often became larger, more efficient, and developed. These networks increased their own wealth and power as well as their organizational reach. On the other hand, they failed to solve some underlying problems and created some new ones. Economically, these countries remained relatively poor, highly agricultural, and highly dependent on select exports. It also became increasingly linked – as different regions’ investments, profits, and taxes became tied to the nationalized economy and its decision-makers. Further, locally, flows of people and resources remained largely the same which prevented any transformation of local politics and identities.Politically, this created an insular politico-military-economic network with strong organizational ties throughout the territory. However, it also generated resistance to this increasing power. Often, this involved counter-maneuvers by counter-elites – mutinies, separatist movements, coup attempts – none of which succeeded but all of which drove purges and exacerbated the already insular and military nature of these networks. More problematic, however, were mass-based resistance movements which flourished as economic crises increased popular discontent, decreased regimes’ patronage power, and increased their dependency on external patrons.To resist these movements, which increasingly contested local control (sometimes violently) and national viability (through elections, mass demonstrations, infiltration of the state and military), these networks invested in youth groups to mobilize support as well establish or defend local control. Where possible, counter-movements responded in kind. This created the context for the short-term competition which eventually yielded consolidative mass killing.

For an architecture of discontinuity: A commentary on the unity of thinking and making in architecture

Kara, Levent University of Florida 2007 해외박사(DDOD)

My study explores a way of looking at the unity of thinking and making in the context of architectural design. Questioning the prevailing conceptions of this unity that take a linguistic model of representation as their model, this study proposes the phenomenal unity of experience as a basis for understanding the act of making architecture as a way of thinking in and of life. What is outlined in a critique of the prevailing views is that the unity of thinking and making in architecture is not an indiscriminative unity of these two moments on a holistic conception of making architecture as an effective tradition of thinking. On the contrary, this study suggests that architectural making should be understood as the unity of two distinct moments of reflection that cannot be reduced onto each other without waiving the agency of the maker in a tradition of making.

Essays on optimal monetary policy

Kara, Ali Hakan New York University 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation analyzes several real world complications about the optimal monetary policy problem in a New Keynesian framework, such as parameter uncertainty, imperfect credibility, or imperfect commitment. The first essay explores robust optimal policy under parameter uncertainty. A robust rule is defined as a rule that performs reasonably well under unfortunate parameter configurations. Two different types of parameter uncertainty (of Knightian type) are considered. When the agents are uncertain about the slope of the Phillips curve, robust policy rule prescribes less aggressive response to deviations of inflation from the target, as opposed to the optimal response under known parameters—contrary to the recent findings in the robust control literature, yet, in line with traditional view. On the other hand, if the source of uncertainty is imperfect knowledge of persistence of shocks, robust monetary policy calls for more aggressive response to inflation. The second essay studies the optimal monetary policy problem in a forward looking model when the central bank faces uncertainty about credibility. First, optimal monetary policy is characterized analytically under a continuum of credibility. Implied policy incorporates discretionary and full commitment solutions as special cases. Next, robust optimal rules are derived under uncertain credibility. It is shown that when agents face Knightian uncertainty about credibility, robust optimal policy rule prescribes a solution that is closer to discretion than the case of known credibility. Moreover, the higher is the uncertainty, the more is the policy biased towards discretion, and thus the less history dependent is the optimal robust rule. The third essay is an attempt to reconcile the implied theoretical monetary policy reaction function of a New Keynesian model with the empirically observed ones. An optimal instrument rule that represents the policy with a continuum from discretion to commitment is derived under the assumption of stochastic policy re-optimizations. It is shown that imperfect commitment concept explains much of the discrepancy between theoretical rules and historically estimated ones. As a by-product, the degree of commitment is identified using a structural estimation of the instrument rule. Empirical results suggest that monetary policy in the US during 80's and 90's was closer to commitment than the 70's.

Automatic parsing and recognition of hand-drawn sketches for pen-based computer interfaces

Kara, Levent Burak Carnegie Mellon University 2004 해외박사(DDOD)

Pen-based computer interaction is becoming increasingly ubiquitous as evidenced by the growing interest in Tablet PC's, electronic whiteboards and PDA's. Many of these devices now come equipped with robust hand-writing recognizers. However, a problem that remains largely unsolved is the recognition of graphical input such as schematic sketches and diagrams. When faced with such input, these devices either leave the pen strokes uninterpreted, or offer only limited support for recognition, while placing many unnatural constraints on the way the user draws. These constraints might include limitations to single-stroke objects, or the need for user involvement in separating different visual objects. In this work, we present a new approach for recognizing hand-drawn, diagrammatic sketches. The key advance is an integrated sketch parsing and recognition model designed to enable natural and fluid pen-based computer interaction. With this approach, the stream of pen strokes is first examined to identify certain delimiter patterns called "markers." These then anchor a spatial analysis which groups the remaining strokes into distinct clusters, each representing a single visual object. Finally, a shape recognizer is used to find the best interpretations of the clusters. This approach eliminates many of the unnatural constraints imposed by existing sketch understanding systems. To demonstrate our techniques, we have built SimuSketch, a sketch-based interface for Matlab's Simulink package, and VibroSketch, a sketch-based interface for analyzing vibratory mechanical systems. In both systems, users can construct functional engineering models by simply sketching them on a computer screen. Users can then interactively manipulate their sketches to change model parameters and run simulations. Our user studies have indicated that even novice users can effectively utilize these systems to solve real engineering problems, without having to know much about the underlying recognition techniques.

The economic return to investment in human capital in Turkey: 1968--1994

Kara, Orhan The University of Wisconsin - Madison 2000 해외박사(DDOD)

The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the economic returns to investment in education by applying human capital theory to Turkey. Turkey, one of the least studied of the OECD countries, is an important case considering both its strenuous attempts to modernize and its negotiation of culturally (Islamic) based gender differences. Therefore, given the important role of human capital investment in economic and social development, this study sheds light on factors affecting the economic returns to investment in human capital in Turkey. This study employs three Turkish household surveys: the 1994 household income and consumption expenditure survey (State Institute of Statistics [SIS], 1994), the 1987 household income and consumption expenditure survey (SIS, 1987), and the 1968 household survey (Hacettepe University, 1968). Using these data, the internal rates of return to schooling are estimated. The social and private rates of return to education are calculated for men and women as well as for each region. The analysis of the data reveals eight main findings. First, social rates of return are lower than private rates of return to investment in schooling. Second, internal rates of return decrease over time with larger decreases for lower levels of schooling and smaller decreases for higher level of schooling. Third, internal rates of return exhibit diminishing returns to human capital. Fourth, the highest rates of return to investment in education are found in elementary schools. Fifth, rates of return to investment in vocational-technical secondary schools are lower than general secondary education. Sixth, women on average obtain lower internal rates of return than do men. Seventh, rates of return to investment in schooling are higher in the Western regions than the Eastern regions, and there is a convergence in the rates of return for higher level of schooling and for gender. Eighth, economic conditions such as the unfavorable labor market conditions, inflation, and international trade have adversely affected the rates of return over time. Still, the rates of return to investment in education are generally high, indicating that the investment in human capital in Turkey proves not only socially beneficial but also profitable to individuals.

Understanding Error in Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting

Kara, Danielle Case Western Reserve University ProQuest Dissertat 2018 해외박사(DDOD)

The goal of this work was to understand and reduce the error in MRF parameter maps due to normal, thermal noise and correlated, aliasing noise. To achieve this goal, quality factors were introduced, which forecast the ability of MRF sequences to produce precise T1 and T2 parameter maps. Specifically, the variance in acquired parameter maps is inversely proportional to the derived quality factors.Due to their dependences on the MRF signal, quality factors were used to compare effects of MRF sequence design, including the flip angle distribution, TR distribution, number of total time steps (N), and use of preparation pulses on error in the resulting parameter maps, with the ultimate goal of reducing MRF error.In the presence of normal noise alone, rapidly varying flip angle distributions were ideal for minimizing parameter map error. Varying TR distributions were not found to be advantageous over constant TR, but the choice of the mean TR value was shown have a significant effect on parameter map precision, with the ideal choice depending on the underlying relaxation times. Quality factors for normal noise were found to have linear dependence on the total number of excitations for large N. Therefore, the precision of MRF experiments with large N reaches the expected statistical result for independent experiments: proportionality to 1/√N. The tested MRF experiments reached linearity in N after 1000 time steps. Because the efficiency of an MRF experiment is dependent on both σTi and the total sequence time, MRF efficiency is found to peak prior to N = 1000, after which it decreases toward constant.In the presence of dominant aliasing noise, smoothly varying flip angle distributions tend to outperform rapidly varying flip angle distributions. As in the case of normal noise alone, varying and constant TR distributions were comparable, but the choice of the mean value of TR was shown have a significant effect on T1 and T2 map precision. Like the quality factors for normal noise, the quality factors for aliasing noise are linearly dependent on the total number of time steps at large N, yielding σTi proportional to 1/√N and constant efficiency.

Essays on International Financial Regulation

Kara, Gazi Ishak The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2013 해외박사(DDOD)

The first chapter of this dissertation examines the incentives of national regulators to coordinate regulatory policies in the presence of systemic risk in global financial markets. In a two-country and three-period model, correlated asset fire sales by banks generate systemic risk across national financial markets. Relaxing regulatory standards in one country increases both the cost and the severity of crises for both countries in this framework. In the absence of coordination independent regulators choose inefficiently low level of macro-prudential regulation. A central regulator internalizes the systemic risk and thereby can improve the welfare of coordinating countries. Symmetric countries always benefit from coordination. Asymmetric countries choose different levels of macro-prudential regulation when they act independently. Common central regulation will voluntarily emerge only between sufficiently similar countries. The second chapter investigates the empirical determinants of cross country and over time variation in the stringency of bank capital regulations. Despite the extensive attention that the Basel capital adequacy standards received internationally, there exists significant variation in the implementation of these standards across countries. Furthermore, a significant number of countries increase or decrease the stringency of capital regulations over time. The chapter investigates the empirical determinants of the variation that is seen in the data based on the theories of bank capital regulation. The results provide strong evidence that countries with high average returns to investment choose less stringent capital regulation standards. There is also some evidence that capital regulations are less stringent in countries with higher ratio of government ownership of banks where government ownership is used as a proxy for the regulatory capture: the degree to which regulators are captured by the financial institutions under their control. The results provide somewhat weaker evidence that countries with more concentrated banking sectors impose less strict capital regulation standards.

The relationship between fourth- and sixth-grade students' reading ability and their beliefs about reading

Kara-Soteriou, Ioulia (Julia) The University of Connecticut 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

The purpose of this study was to examine students' beliefs about the nature of reading and how these beliefs might be related to grade level, reading achievement, and reading comprehension. In particular, the study focused on students' beliefs that were consistent with more passive and more active views of reading. The participants, 203 fourth and sixth graders of different reading achievement levels, read two short passages, answered five text recall questions (text recall) for each passage, and wrote two short essays (reader elaborations) about their thoughts and feelings regarding the two passages. The participants also completed a Reading Beliefs Inventory, which included 16 statements about possible beliefs readers have about reading. Two 2 (grade level) x 3 (reading achievement) ANOVAs indicated a significant effect of reading achievement on students' more passive beliefs. Follow-up comparisons showed that low reading achievement students had stronger passive beliefs than high reading achievement students. The ANOVAs did not indicate a significant effect of grade level or reading achievement on students' more active beliefs. Further, a 3 (more passive beliefs) x 3 (more active beliefs) ANCOVA, with reading achievement as the covariate, failed to establish a relationship between students' beliefs and text recall. No relationship between beliefs and reader elaboration was established, either. Implications of the study are discussed with respect to literacy instruction and theoretical perspectives of reading comprehension.