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Surayot, Utoomporn,Hun Lee, Ju,Kanongnuch, Chartchai,Peerapornpisal, Yuwadee,Park, WooJung,You, SangGuan Informa UK (TaylorFrancis) 2016 Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry Vol.80 No.5
<P>Water-soluble sulfated heteropolysaccharides were extracted from Cladophora glomerata Kutzing and fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography, which yielded two subfractions, F-1 and F-2. The crude and fractionated polysaccharides (F-1 and F-2) mostly consisted of carbohydrates (62.8-74.5%) with various amounts of proteins (9.00-17.3%) and sulfates (16.5-23.5%), including different levels of arabinose (41.7-54.4%), galactose (13.5-39.0%), glucose (0.80-10.6%), xylose (6.84-13.4%), and rhamnose (0.20-2.83%). Based on the size exclusion chromatography (SEC) profiles, the crude and fractions mainly contained one peak with shoulders having molecular weight (M-w) ranges of 358-1,501x10(3). The F-1 fraction stimulated RAW264.7 cells to produce considerable amounts of nitric oxide and cytokines compared to the crude and F-2 fraction. The backbone of the most potent immunostimulating fraction (F-1) was alpha-(1 -> 4)-L-arabinopyranoside with galactose and xylose residues as branches at O-2 position, and sulfates mainly at O-2 position as well.</P>
Surayot, Utoomporn,Wang, JianGuo,Lee, Ju Hun,Kanongnuch, Chartchai,Peerapornpisal, Yuwadee,You, SangGuan Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and A 2015 Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry Vol.79 No.10
<P>Sulfated polysaccharides (SP) isolated from freshwater green algae, Spirogyra neglecta (Hassall) K?tzing, and fractionated SPs were examined to investigate their molecular characteristics and immunomodulatory activity. The crude and fractionated SPs (F1, F2, and F3) consisted mostly of carbohydrates (68.5-85.3%), uronic acids (3.2-4.9%), and sulfates (2.2-12.2%) with various amounts of proteins (2.6-17.1%). d-galactose (23.5-27.3%), d-glucose (11.5-24.8%), l-fucose (19.0-26.7%), and l-rhamnose (16.4-18.3%) were the major monosaccharide units of these SPs with different levels of l-arabinose (3.0-9.4%), d-xylose (4.6-9.8%), and d-mannose (0.4-2.3%). The SPs contained two sub-fractions with molecular weights (Mw) ranging from 164??10(3) to 1460??10(3)?g/mol. The crude and fractionated SPs strongly stimulated murine macrophages, producing considerable amounts of nitric oxide and various cytokines via up-regulation of their mRNA expression by activation of nuclear factor-kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases pathways. The main backbone of the most immunoenhancing SP was (13)-l-Fucopyranoside, (14,6)-d-Glucopyranoside, and (14)-d-Galactopyranoside.</P>