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Ka, J.,Cho, E.N.,Lee, M.J.,Myoung, J.M.,Yun, I. Elsevier 2015 CURRENT APPLIED PHYSICS Vol.15 No.6
Penetration effects of various electrode materials, namely Al, Au, and Cu, on the physical and electrical characteristics of amorphous oxide semiconductor thin film transistors (TFTs) were investigated. Amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) TFTs were fabricated with conventional staggered bottom gate structures on a p-type Si substrate. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) analysis under the electrode deposition area revealed variations in the oxygen bonding states and material compositions of the a-IGZO layer. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with the line scan of energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) showed lateral penetration by the electrode metal. To compare the electrical characteristics of the tested TFTs, the initial current-voltage (I-V) transfer characteristics were examined. In addition, the tested TFTs fabricated using various electrode materials were tested under bias stress to verify the correlations between variations in TFT characteristics and both the metal work function and penetration-induced oxygen vacancies in the channel around the contact area.
Managerial levers of market-shaping strategies: An abductive inquiry
Kaj Storbacka,Suvi Nenonen 한국마케팅과학회 2021 마케팅과학연구 Vol.31 No.3
Viewing markets as socially constructed, and thus consciously reconstructable value-creating systems, opens interesting avenues for managerial practice. Strategic decisions regarding markets are no longer limited to market selection or positioning in an existing space; for in addition, markets themselves can be shaped for higher value creation, growth and profitability. Based on an abductive research process that was founded on a continuous literature review and involved 63 executives from 16 firms in two countries, we identified 12 distinct levers that a focal firm wanting to shape their markets can focus on. These managerial levers are further categorized into four themes (1) reworking the exchange process by which the focal firm connects with customers, (2) reshaping the network that supports the exchange process and customers’ use practices, (3) revising the representations that are used to symbolize the market, and (4) reforming the norms that guide all interactions in the market. The developed framework provides an organized and actionable overview of the elements that can form the content of market-shaping strategies, thus illuminating the “black box” between previously explored antecedents and outcomes of such strategies.
Contexts of Lacan : An Overview of Three Contexts Helpful for Understanding Lacanian Psychonalysis
Kangas, Kaj 경운대학교 산업기술연구소 2001 産業技術硏究論文誌 Vol.3 No.2(A)
The psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, the French Freud, an intellectual giant who struggled to restore the radical, subversive spirit of the original Freud to the practice of psychoanalysis world-wide, influenced generations of the leading thinkers from the 1930s through to the 80s, in his native country, France. There, he is a household name. Yet, despite the importance of his thought, he is hardly known at all in North America, and especially not as a clinician He is somewhat better known in North American academic circles, particularly those of English, Literary Criticism and Film Studies. However, Lacanian psychoanalytic theory is widely viewed by students and academics as difficult, almost impossible to understand. There is also widespread misuse of Lacanian theory. There are many reasons Lacan's writings are difficult to understand. One important reason in that Lacanian theory is all too often read out of context. This paper presents overviews of three contexts, in particular, that North Americans neglect or are ignorant of: he context of the clinical basis of Lacanian theory, the personal and historical context of Lacan's ongoing battle with American-style ego-analysis and the context of the ongoing development of Lacanian psychoanalysis since Lacan's death in 1981.
Chokeshaiusaha, Kaj,Puthier, Denis,Nguyen, Catherine,Sananmuang, Thanida Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2018 Animal Bioscience Vol.31 No.6
Objective: Trimethylation of histone 3 (H3) at 4th lysine N-termini (H3K4me3) in gene promoter region was the universal marker of active genes specific to cell lineage. On the contrary, coexistence of trimethylation at 27th lysine (H3K27me3) in the same loci-the bivalent H3K4m3/H3K27me3 was known to suspend the gene transcription in germ cells, and could also be inherited to the developed stem cell. In galline species, throughout example of H3K4m3 and H3K27me3 ChIP-seq analysis was still not provided. We therefore designed and demonstrated such procedures using ChIP-seq and mRNA-seq data of chicken follicular mesenchymal cells and male germ cells. Methods: Analytical workflow was designed and provided in this study. ChIP-seq and RNA-seq datasets of follicular mesenchymal cells and male germ cells were acquired and properly preprocessed. Peak calling by Model-based analysis of ChIP-seq 2 was performed to identify H3K4m3 or H3K27me3 enriched regions ($Fold-change{\geq}2$, $FDR{\leq}0.01$) in gene promoter regions. Integrative genomics viewer was utilized for cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1 (CRABP1), growth differentiation factor 10 (GDF10), and gremlin 1 (GREM1) gene explorations. Results: The acquired results indicated that follicular mesenchymal cells and germ cells shared several unique gene promoter regions enriched with H3K4me3 (5,704 peaks) and also unique regions of bivalent H3K4m3/H3K27me3 shared between all cell types and germ cells (1,909 peaks). Subsequent observation of follicular mesenchyme-specific genes-CRABP1, GDF10, and GREM1 correctly revealed vigorous transcriptions of these genes in follicular mesenchymal cells. As expected, bivalent H3K4m3/H3K27me3 pattern was manifested in gene promoter regions of germ cells, and thus suspended their transcriptions. Conclusion: According the results, an example of chicken H3K4m3/H3K27me3 ChIP-seq data analysis was successfully demonstrated in this study. Hopefully, the provided methodology should hereby be useful for galline ChIP-seq data analysis in the future.
Targeted disruption of the Cl-/HCO3- exchanger Ae2 results in osteopetrosis in mice.
Josephsen, Kaj,Praetorius, Jeppe,Frische, Sebastian,Gawenis, Lara R,Kwon, Tae-Hwan,Agre, Peter,Nielsen, Søren,Fejerskov, Ole National Academy of Sciences 2009 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.106 No.5
<P>Osteoclasts are multinucleated bone-resorbing cells responsible for constant remodeling of bone tissue and for maintaining calcium homeostasis. The osteoclast creates an enclosed space, a lacuna, between their ruffled border membrane and the mineralized bone. They extrude H(+) and Cl(-) into these lacunae by the combined action of vesicular H(+)-ATPases and ClC-7 exchangers to dissolve the hydroxyapatite of bone matrix. Along with intracellular production of H(+) and HCO(3)(-) by carbonic anhydrase II, the H(+)-ATPases and ClC-7 exchangers seems prerequisite for bone resorption, because genetic disruption of either of these proteins leads to osteopetrosis. We aimed to complete the molecular model for lacunar acidification, hypothesizing that a HCO(3)(-) extruding and Cl(-) loading anion exchange protein (Ae) would be necessary to sustain bone resorption. The Ae proteins can provide both intracellular pH neutrality and serve as cellular entry mechanism for Cl(-) during bone resorption. Immunohistochemistry revealed that Ae2 is exclusively expressed at the contra-lacunar plasma membrane domain of mouse osteoclast. Severe osteopetrosis was encountered in Ae2 knockout (Ae2-/-) mice where the skeletal development was impaired with a higher diffuse radio-density on x-ray examination and the bone marrow cavity was occupied by irregular bone speculae. Furthermore, osteoclasts in Ae2-/- mice were dramatically enlarged and fail to form the normal ruffled border facing the lacunae. Thus, Ae2 is likely to be an essential component of the bone resorption mechanism in osteoclasts.</P>