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Localized Mobility Management in MPLS-based Access Networks
Javier Carmona-Murillo,Jose-Luis Gonzalez-Sanchez,Francisco-Javier Rodriguez-Per,David Cortes-Polo 한국산학기술학회 2012 SmartCR Vol.2 No.2
The continuous efforts made towards efficient mobility management in next-generation wireless networks are one of the major challenges for next-generation mobile systems. To track host mobility, the IETF has developed some mobility management protocols such as Mobile IP and Proxy Mobile IPv6. These protocols set up a tunnel to forward packets to the mobile node while the user is away from its home network. The tunneling method provided by Multi-Protocol Label Switching can be profitably used to take advantage of the Multi-Protocol Label Switching traffic engineering capability to achieve fast-reroute when a mobile node changes its point of attachment to the network. Moreover, service disruption during handoffs causes excessive packet loss that needs to be minimized to support quality of service requirements of emerging applications. We present a performance evaluation and numerical results of the most representative host-based and network-based mobility management approaches. We highlight the importance of the tunneling method with special attention to those protocols that have integrated Multi-Protocol Label Switching in its access network.
( San Juan Lopez Cristina ),( Casado Martin Marta ),( Gonzalez Sanchez Mercedes ),( Porcel Martin Almudena ),( Hernandez Martinez Alvaro ),( Vega Saenz Jose Luis ),( Parron Carreno Tesifon ) 대한간학회 2018 Clinical and Molecular Hepatology(대한간학회지) Vol.24 No.4
Backgrounds/Aims: The objective of our study was to determine the epidemiological, laboratory, and serological characteristics of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and normal transaminases. The study also aimed to evaluate liver damage by measuring the liver fibrosis (LF) grade and to identify possible factors associated with the presence of fibrosis. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in patients with chronic HBV infection and classified as inactive carriers or immune-tolerant. Epidemiological variables of age, sex, immigrant, alcohol consumption, and body mass index (BMI), as well as virological variables (HBV DNA) and transaminase level were collected throughout the follow-up. The LF grade was evaluated by transient elastography. The cutoff value for significant fibrosis (SF) was liver stiffness ≥7.9 kPa. Results: A total of 214 patients were included in the analysis, and 62% of them had a BMI ≥25 kg/㎡. During follow-up, 4% of patients showed transaminase elevation (<1.5 times normal). Most patients had a viral DNA level <2,000 IU/mL (83%). Data on LF were available in 160 patients; of these, 14% had SF, 9% F3, and 6% F4. The variables associated with the presence of SF were transaminase alteration during follow-up, as 23% of patients with SF had elevated transaminases versus 3% of patients without SF (P<0.005), and BMI, as the vast majority of patients with SF (88%) had a BMI ≥25 kg/㎡ versus 56% of patients without SF (P<0.05). Conclusions: In patients with chronic HBV infection and normal transaminases, liver damage does not seem to be related to DNA levels, alcohol consumption, or immigrant status. SF seems to be associated with transaminase alteration during follow-up and elevated BMI. It is therefore recommended to measure LF grade with validated non-invasive methods in such patients. (Clin Mol Hepatol 2018;24:384-391)