Effects of computer familiarity and computer type on the performance of Korean computerized neurobehavioral test

Nak Joon Baek,Gun Il Park,Young Seok Byun,Man Joong Jeon,Joon Sakong 대한직업환경의학회 2016 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.28 No.-

Background: It is thought that computer familiarity has increased significantly since 2004 as well as the use of computers. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of computer familiarity and types of keyboard and computer on the performance of the Korean computerized neurobehavioral test (KCNT), and to identify which parameters of KCNT were affected by aforementioned factors. Methods: A total of 85 subjects were classified into three groups of computer familiarity by Korean typing speed. Their age, gender and the level of education were also collected. The parameters of KCNT included simple reaction time, choice reaction time, addition, symbol digit, and finger tapping speed. The test was conducted using three types of computers: a laptop computer, a laptop computer with a simplified keyboard, and a desktop computer with a simplified keyboard. Results: Parameters including the simple reaction time, choice reaction time, addition, and symbol digit, and the finger tapping speed of non-dominant hand showed no significant differences in the results among the three groups by computer familiarity after age and educational years were controlled as covariates. The mean reaction time of the simple reaction time and the choice reaction time with a simplified keyboard was significantly shorter compared to that with a typical keyboard. With regard to type of computer, the mean reaction time of the simple reaction time and the choice reaction time was significantly reduced when performed with the desktop computer with a simplified keyboard. Conclusions: Unlike previous study results, the choice reaction time, the addition, and the finger tapping speed of dominant hand were the only parameters affected by the computer familiarity. Both the type of keyboard and the type of computer significantly influenced the simple reaction time and the choice reaction time. Therefore, it is recommended to use a desktop computer with a simplified keyboard for such parameters.

폐금속광산이 인근지역 주민건강에 미치는 영향

사공준 ( Joon Sakong ) 영남대학교 기초/임상의학연구소 2007 Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine Vol.24 No.2S

About 1,000 metal mines have been abandoned all over the country in the Korea. Major reasons for mine closure may be mainly due to poor economies of the commodity making mining unprofitable, and technical difficulties, Abandoned mines are known to contaminate soil, surface water, and private drinking water wells with toxic metals and arsenic (As), Little attention is given, however, to sites in rural areas with low population densities where natural, geologic sources of contaminants might also occur. Abandoned heavy metal mines have been identified as one of the major concerns because of their significant long-term environmental problems. The topic of abandoned mines is complex because of the associated financial and legal liability implications. 1) In the Korea, most of the metal mine were in operation from 1940s to 1970s, before ceasing operation because of the decline in world market price for the commodity. Mine-waste calcines (retorted ore) were produced during mining and these calcines were dumped into nearby mine. It is estimated that about 50,000 people reside in the nearby abandoned mines. Recently the Korean government decided to apply public health assessment for the investigation of increasing complaints of unusual symptoms or public concern among residents of vicinity of abandoned mines. Several health reports revealed significant elevation of blood lead, cadmium, mercury and urine arsenic levels exceeding the background level or recommended exposure level. Even though the heavy metal specific toxic symptoms were not found, the association was seen between high blood metal levels and the distance from dumping area to residential district, These findings emphasizes the need to test soil, corps and drinking water in the vicinity of abandoned mines to determine the extent of risk to human health and to reduce the estimated carcinogenic risk and the noncarcinogenic hazard.

구미지역 미용업 종사자들의 눈, 피부, 호흡기 증상 경험률

사공준(Joon Sakong),김만복(Man-Bok Kim) 한국인체미용예술학회 2013 한국인체미용예술학회지 Vol.14 No.3

This research investigated the prevalence of ocular, dermatologic, and respiratory symptoms caused by hairdressers' exposure to harmful chemical substance. It compared the degree of risk of experiencing symptoms between the hairdressers' group and the control group, and evaluated the relationship between hairdressers' types of work and work characteristics and the symptoms. Fifty-three beauty parlors located in Gyeongbuk Gumi city were extracted through convenience sampling. The subjects were then divided into the exposure group composed of 103 hairdressers, and the control group composed of 98 ordinary persons. This research showed that the ocular, dermatological, and respiratory system symptoms in the hairdressers' group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Moreover, the degree of risk in experiencing symptoms in the hairdressers' group was 2∼3 times higher in eye-related symptoms, 3 times higher in red spots in the skin-related symptoms, and 2∼3 times higher in respiratory system-related symptoms compared to those in the control group. To prevent occupational dyscrasia among hairdressers, it is necessary for them to wear personal protective equipments, wash hands after work, improve working environment, and develop mild beauty treatment products. Symptoms among workers should be early detected and management, such as task switching, should be taken.

잠수함 승조원에 있어서 항해에 따른 신경행동기능의 변화

사공준 ( Joon Sakong ),정형배 ( Chung Hyung-bae ) 국군의무사령부 1995 대한군진의학학술지 Vol.26 No.1

초등학교 교실 실내공기 중 유해유기물질의 계절별 농도 변화에 관한 연구

사공준(Joon Sakong),곽홍탁(Hong-Taak Kwaak) 한국환경교육학회 2012 環境 敎育 Vol.25 No.3

The purpose of this study is to measure and analyze the seasonal concentrations of formaldehyde, the total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), toluene (C?H?), benzene (C?H?), ethyl-benzene (C?H?C₂H?), xylene (C?H₄(CH₃)₂), and styrene (C?H?) in the both classrooms of newly-built school, as of September 2008, and control school. As a result, formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds among pollutants were just over 100μg/m<SUP>3</SUP>, standard level by law, both in the newly-built school and control school in June and high temperatures in September. As for the total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), it exceeded 6 times and 3.6 times the standard level in the indoor air by law, 400μg/m<SUP>3</SUP>, in newly-built school and control school respectively, which was usually caused by new learning & teaching tools and clothes of students in March beginning new term. In case of benzene, nothing unusual was found as its highest concentration was 2.9μg/m<SUP>3</SUP> in both schools. However, the concentration of toluene, when its seasonal variation was measured, came to 390.5μg/m<SUP>3</SUP> in control school, reaching 400μg/m<SUP>3</SUP>, the standard level of the total volatile organic compounds, and to 688.0μg/m<SUP>3</SUP> in the newly-built school in March beginning new term. This shows that the concentration of toluene was significantly high in the newly-built school, reaching to 1.7 times the standard level, while the other hazardous organic compounds such as ethyl-benzene, xylene and Styrene, were similar in seasonal concentrations or no detected.

ADAS CAN-FD 네트워크 응답시간 최적화 연구

사공준(Sakong Joon),안송이(Songyi An) 한국자동차공학회 2016 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2016 No.11

새차 실내공기 중 포름알데히드, 휘발성 유기화합물과 운전자의 인지기능

사공준(Joon Sakong),백성옥(Sung-Ok Baek),전만중(Man-Joong Jeon) 한국실내환경학회 2009 한국실내환경학회지 Vol.6 No.2

Studies on the indoor air quality inside newly producted vehicle have made mainly mention of the concentrations for indoor air pollutants or of subjective symptoms, such as irritated eyes and nose, headache and dizziness. That is, there has been no report about how poor indoor air quality inside newly producted vehicle affects vehicle drivers. We measured the indoor air pollutants inside newly producted vehicle and evaluated the neurobehavioral performance of drivers, using a computerized neurobehavioral test (color word vigilance), between a newly producted and a 11-year-old vehicle. Inside the newly producted vehicle, the formaldehyde concentration with closed window was 19.1㎍/㎥. The concentration of VOCs with closed window was 3.9㎍/㎥ for benzene, 316.7㎍/㎥ for toluene, 20.5㎍/㎥ for ethylbenzene, 47.7㎍/㎥ for m,p-xylene, 15.1㎍/㎥ for o-xylene, and 15.3㎍/㎥ for styrene. The neurobehavioral performance of drivers inside newly producted vehicle with the computerized neurobehavioral test was 11.05% lower than that for those inside 11-year-old control vehicle. These results suggest that the poor indoor air quality inside newly producted vehicle affects the neurobehavioral performance of driver and a proper evaluation of the indoor air quality inside newly producted vehicle is required into the health effects of pollutants with objective tool, in addition to the level of pollution.

유기용제 폭로 근로자의 신경정신증상과 신경행동학적 검사의 관련성

사공준,정종학,이학용 大韓産業醫學會 1997 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.9 No.1

A cross-sectional study of 118 car painters and controls of 113 workers was performed to investigate the interrelation between self-reported neuropsychiatric symptom and neurobehavioral performance using Scandinavian Questionnaire 16, Zung anxiety, depression scale and Swedish performance evaluation system(simple reaction time, symbol digit, digit span, finger tapping speed). The typical symptoms characteristic of painter's syndrome were not found and no significant association was found between solvent exposure and total score of neuropsychiatric symptom but neurobehavioral performance of simple reaction time, symbol digit and digit span had association with solvent exposure. No significant associations were found between total score of neurotoxic symptom, anxiety scale, depression scale and the neurobehavioral performance. In factor analysis, the factor of questionnaire 16 measuring function of memory demonstrated no significant association with the factor of neurbehavioral test items measuring short term memory.

고압 가용매 분해반응의 물성 연구 : 메독 시벤질클로라이드의 가용매 분해반응에 대한 압력의 영향

사공열,경진범,권오천,최기준 漢陽大學校 基礎科學硏究所 1985 基礎科學論文集 Vol.4 No.-

p-메독시벤질클로라이드의 가용매 분해반응속도를 10℃에서 압력을 1~1200bar로 변화시키고 에탄올-물 혼합용매의 조성이 0∼0.40인 에탄올 몰 분율의 범위내에서 전기전도도법으로 측정하였다. 이 반응의 속도상수로부터 활성화파라미터, ??를 구한 결과 혼합용매의 몰 분율이 0.30 부근에서 extremum behavior를 나타내었다. 이러한 현상을 기저상태와 전이상태의 용매구조변화로 논의했다. 그리고 가용매 분해속도와 에탄올-물 혼합용매의 유전상수를 Kirkwood 식에 적용하고, 전이상태에서 반응에 관여한 물 분자수를 계산하여 그에 따른 반응메카니즘을 고찰하였다. The rates of solvolysis for p-methoxybenzyl chloride have been measured by an electric conductivity method in aqueous ethanol from 0 to 0.40 mole fraction of ethanol under various pressures up to 1200 bar at 10℃. The activation parameters, ??, ?? are evaluated from the rate constants. The results indicated that values of ?? and ?? exhibit extremum behaviors near 0.30 mole fraction of ethanol. These behaviors are discussed in terms of solvent structure variation of ground state and transition state. The rate of solvolysis and the dielectric constant of aqueous ethanol are compared with the reaction mechanism of p-methoxybenzyl chloride by Kirkwood equation. And the reaction was discussed from the number of H₂O molecule participated in the transition stat

면접 및 컴퓨터 신경행동검사의 신뢰도평가

사공준,정종학,전만중,신말숙 大韓産業醫學會 2000 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.12 No.4

목적 : 신경독성물질에 폭로되는 근로자들의 중추신경계장애를 조기에 발견하기 위한 도구로서 우리 나라 근로자들의 특성과 산업보건제도에 적합한 신경행동검사를 선택하기 위하여 면접과 컴퓨터 신경행동검사의 신뢰도를 평가하였다. 방법 : 의과대학생 85명과 병원근무자 35명을 대상으로 SPES중 단순반응시간, 숫자더하기, 부호숫자 짝짓기, 숫자외우기 및 손가락 두드리기를, 면접식 신경행동검사 중 숫자부호 짝짓기, 숫자외우기, 목적점찍기, 핀꽃기 및 trenton 시각기억검사의 신뢰도를 검사-재검사법을 이용하여 평가하였다. 결과 : 컴퓨터 신경행동검사 중 숫자더하기 평균반응속도의 신뢰도(재검사 신뢰도계수 0.90)가 가장 높았으며 손가락 두드리기(재검사 신뢰도계수 열수 0.89, 우수 0.85), 부호숫자 짝짓기(재검사 신뢰도 계수 0.82) 및 숫자외우기(재검사 신뢰도계수 0.74)의 순서로 신뢰도가 감소하였다 면접식 신경행동검사 중 숫자부호 짝짓기의 재검사 신뢰도계수가 0.86, 목적점찍기의 재검사 신뢰도계수가 0.72로서 trenton 시각기억검사(재검사 신뢰도계수 0.64), 핀꽃기(재검사 신뢰도계수 0.64) 및 숫자외우기의 총점(재검사 신뢰도계수 0.60)에 비해 다소 높았다. 결론 : 신경행동검사의 신뢰도를 검사-재검사를 통하여 평가한 결과 인지기능영역에서는 컴퓨터 부호숫자 짝짓기, 숫자외우기와 면접식 숫자부호 짝짓기가, 운동기능영역에서는 손가락 두드리기의 신뢰도가 다른 검사항목에 비해 상대적으로 높은 것으로 평가되었으며 이러한 결과는 신경행동검사의 선택에 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다. Objectives : Thls study was conducted to select more reliable neurobehavioral tests that are compatible with the characteristlcs of Korean workers and their health management system. Methods : To compare the reliability of neurobehavioral tests, test and retest of five computerized and five traditional neurobehavioral tests administered to 85 medical school students and 35 hospital workers. The computerized tests include Simple reaction time, Addition, Symbol digit, Digit span, and Finger tapping speed, while the traditional tests include the trenton visual retention test, Digit symbol, Digit span, Pursuit aiming, and Pegboard. Results : Computerized Addition was found to have the highest test-retest reliability (0.90) of and followed by Finger tapping speed (nondominant hand, 0.89, dominant hand, 0.85), Symbol digit(0.82), and Digit span(0.74). Only two traditional tests, Digit symbol(0.86), and Pursuit aiming(0.72), showed test-retest reliability coefficient greater than 0.70. Conclusions : These results suggest that the computerized Additions, Symbol digit, Fingel tapping speed, and traditional Digit symbol are more satisfactory for our purposes. These results may allow a reasonable selection of the most appropriate tests for periodical evaluation of central nervous system of workers exposed to neurotoxic substances in Korea.