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Risk Management in the Clinical Laboratory
Sarah W Njoroge,James H Nichols 대한진단검사의학회 2014 Annals of Laboratory Medicine Vol.34 No.4
Clinical laboratory tests play an integral role in medical decision-making and as such must be reliable and accurate. Unfortunately, no laboratory tests or devices are foolproof and er- rors can occur at pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical phases of testing. Evaluating possible conditions that could lead to errors and outlining the necessary steps to detect and prevent errors before they cause patient harm is therefore an important part of laboratory testing. This can be achieved through the practice of risk management. EP23-A is a new guideline from the CLSI that introduces risk management principles to the clinical labora- tory. This guideline borrows concepts from the manufacturing industry and encourages laboratories to develop risk management plans that address the specific risks inherent to each lab. Once the risks have been identified, the laboratory must implement control pro- cesses and continuously monitor and modify them to make certain that risk is maintained at a clinically acceptable level. This review summarizes the principles of risk management in the clinical laboratory and describes various quality control activities employed by the laboratory to achieve the goal of reporting valid, accurate and reliable test results.
Takata, Hiroshi,Buranapraditkun, Supranee,Kessing, Cari,Fletcher, James L. K.,Muir, Roshell,Tardif, Virginie,Cartwright, Pearline,Vandergeeten, Claire,Bakeman, Wendy,Nichols, Carmen N.,Pinyakorn, Sute American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2017 Science Translational Medicine Vol.9 No.377
<P>CD8(+) T cells play a critical role in controlling HIV viremia and could be important in reducing HIV-infected cells in approaches to eradicate HIV. The simian immunodeficiency virus model provided the proof of concept for a CD8(+) T cell-mediated reservoir clearance but showed conflicting evidence on the role of these cells to eliminate HIV-infected cells. In humans, HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell responses have not been associated with a reduction of the HIV-infected cell pool in vivo. We studied HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells in the RV254 cohort of individuals initiating ART in the earliest stages of acute HIV infection (AHI). We showed that the HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells generated as early as AHI stages 1 and 2 before peak viremia are delayed in expanding and acquiring effector functions but are endowed with higher memory potential. In contrast, the fully differentiated HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells at peak viremia in AHI stage 3 were more prone to apoptosis but were associated with a steeper viral load decrease after ART initiation. Their capacity to persist in vivo after ART initiation correlated with a lower HIV DNA reservoir. These findings demonstrate that HIV-specific CD8(+) T cell magnitude and differentiation are delayed in the earliest stages of infection. These results also demonstrate that potent HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells contribute to the reduction of the pool of HIV-producing cells and the HIV reservoir seeding in vivo and provide the rationale to design interventions aiming at inducing these potent responses to cure HIV infection.</P>
A newPlagiotrochus Mayr oak gall wasp species from Taiwan (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini)
Chang-Ti Tang,Man-Miao Yang,GrahamN. Stone,James A. Nicholls,George Melika 한국응용곤충학회 2016 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.19 No.2
A new species of oak gall wasp, Plagiotrochus tarokoensis Tang and Melika sp. nov., is described fromTaiwan. The species induces integral leaf galls on Quercus tarokoensis (Fagaceae). Data on the diagnosis, distribution, and biology of the new species are given. This is the second known Plagiotrochus species from the Oriental region and the first one known to associate with the Ilex group of section Cerris oaks within Quercus linnaeus subgenus Quercus.
Cosmological constraints from the SDSS luminous red galaxies
Tegmark, Max,Eisenstein, Daniel J.,Strauss, Michael A.,Weinberg, David H.,Blanton, Michael R.,Frieman, Joshua A.,Fukugita, Masataka,Gunn, James E.,Hamilton, Andrew J. S.,Knapp, Gillian R.,Nichol, Robe American Physical Society 2006 PHYSICAL REVIEW D - Vol.74 No.12