Behaviour and strength of back-to-back built-up cold-formed steel unequal angle sections with intermediate stiffeners under axial compression

G. Beulah Gnana Ananthi,Krishanu Roy,James B. P. Lim 국제구조공학회 2022 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.42 No.1

In cold-formed steel (CFS) structures, such as trusses, transmission towers and portal frames, the use of back-toback built-up CFS unequal angle sections are becoming increasingly popular. In such an arrangement, intermediate welds or screw fasteners are required at discrete points along the length, preventing the angle sections from buckling independently. Limited research is available in the literature on axial strength of back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections. The issue is addressed herein. This paper presents an experimental investigation reported by the authors on back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections with intermediate stiffeners under axial compression. The load-axial shortening behaviour along with the deformed shapes at failure are reported. A nonlinear finite element (FE) model was then developed, which includes material non-linearity, geometric imperfections and modelling of intermediate fasteners. The FE model was validated against the experimental test results, which showed good agreement, both in terms of failure loads and deformed shapes at failure. The validated finite element model was then used for the purpose of a parametric study comprising 96 models to investigate the effect of longer to shorter leg ratios, stiffener provided in the longer leg, thicknesses and lengths on axial strength of back-toback built-up CFS unequal angle sections. Four different thicknesses and seven different lengths (stub to slender columns) with three overall widths to the overall depth (B/D) ratios were investigated in the parametric study. Axial strengths obtained from the experimental tests and FE analyses were used to assess the performance of the current design guidelines as per the Direct Strength Method (DSM); obtained comparisons show that the current DSM is conservative by only 7% and 5% on average, while predicting the axial strengths of back-to-back built-up CFS unequal angle sections with and without the stiffener, respectively.

Finite-element analysis and design of aluminum alloy RHSs and SHSs with through-openings in bending

Ran Feng,Tao Yang,Zhenming Chen,Krishanu Roy,Boshan Chen,James B. P. Lim 국제구조공학회 2023 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.46 No.3

This paper presents a finite-element analysis (FEA) of aluminum alloy rectangular hollow sections (RHSs) and square hollow sections (SHSs) with circular through-openings under three-point and four-point bending. First, a finite-element model (FEM) was developed and validated against the corresponding test results available in the literature. Next, using the validated FE models, a parametric study comprising 180 FE models was conducted. The cross-section width-to-thickness ratio (b/t) ranged from 2 to 5, the hole size ratio (d/h) ranged from 0.2 to 0.8 and the quantity of holes (n) ranged from 2 to 6, respectively. Third, results obtained from laboratory test and FEA were compared with current design strengths calculated in accordance with the North American Specifications (NAS), the modified direct strength method (DSM) and the modified Continuous strength method (CSM). The comparison shows that the modified CSM are conservative by 15% on average for aluminum alloy RHSs and SHSs with circular through-openings subject to bending. Finally, a new design equation is proposed based on the modified CSM after being validated with results obtained from laboratory test and FEA. The proposed design equation can provide accurate predictions of flexural capacities for aluminum alloy RHSs and SHSs with circular throughopenings.

Web crippling strength of cold-formed stainless steel lipped channel-sections with web openings subjected to interior-one-flange loading condition

James B.P. Lim,Amir M. Yousefi,Asraf Uzzaman,Ying Lian,G. Charles Clifton,Ben Young 국제구조공학회 2016 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.21 No.3

In cold-formed stainless steel lipped channel-sections, web openings are becoming increasingly popular. Such openings, however, result in the sections becoming more susceptible to web crippling, especially under concentrated loads applied near the web opening. This paper presents the results of a finite element parametric study into the effect of circular web openings on the web crippling strength of cold-formed stainless steel lipped channelsections for the interior-one-flange (IOF) loading condition. This involves a bearing load applied to the top flange of a length of member, away from the end supports. The cases of web openings located centred beneath the bearing load (i.e. beneath the bearing plate delivering the load) and offset to the bearing plate, are considered. Three grades of stainless steel are considered: duplex EN1.4462, austenitic EN1.4404 and ferretic EN1.4003. In total, 2218 finite element models were analyzed. From the results of the parametric study, strength reduction factors for load bearing capacity are determined, where these reduction factors are applied to the bearing capacity calculated for a web without openings, to take account the influence of the web openings. The strength reduction factors are first compared to equations recently proposed for cold-formed carbon steel lipped channel-sections. It is shown that for the case of the duplex grade, the strength reduction factor equations for cold-formed carbon steel are conservative but only by 2%. However, for the cases of the austentic and ferritic grades, the cold-formed carbon steel equations are around 9% conservative. New strength reduction factor equations are proposed for all three stainless steel grades.

Pseudo-plastic Collapse Performance of Multi-span Continuous Beams with CFS Sigma Sections: A Numerical Study

Feiliang Wang,Jian Yang,James B. P. Lim 한국강구조학회 2020 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.20 No.2

Conventional design approaches for cold-formed steel (CFS) members were mainly based on elastic theory, including the effective width method and the direct strength method, where the influence of moment redistribution on the failure load was neglected. A Pseudo-Plastic Design Method (PPDM) has been presented for analysing multi-span CFS structures in order to enhance the economical of resistance prediction. This method is analogical to conventional plastic design theory as it introduces a pseudo-plastic moment resistance to accommodate the benefit of the redistribution of moments. In the present study, finite element modelling approach was introduced based on ANSYS package, and comparisons were made between numerical and PPDM results, in particular, on load-carrying capacity, pseudo-plastic hinges formation, moment redistribution and failure behaviour. Extensive sensitivity studies have been carried out in validation of PPDM application for full-scale continuous beams under various span number, span length, steel yield strength and cross section properties. The study shows that the design employing PPDM can lead to a better economic benefit than the aforementioned methods for CFS sigma continuous beams.

Mechanical performance of a new I-section weak-axis column bending connection

Linfeng Lu,Yinglu Xu,James B.P. Lim 국제구조공학회 2018 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.26 No.1

This paper reports a novel steel beam-to-column connection suitable for use in the weak axis of I-section column. Monotonic and cyclic loading experimental investigations and numerical analysis of the proposed weak-axis connection were conducted, and the calculation procedure of the beam-column relative rotation angle and plastic rotation angle was developed and described in details. A comparative analysis of mechanical property and steel consumption were employed for the proposed I-section column weak-axis connection and box-section column bending connection. The result showed that no signs of fracturing were observed and the plastic hinge formed reliably in the beam section away from the skin plate under the beam end monotonic loading, and the plastic hinge formed much closer to the skin plate under the beam end cyclic loading. The fracture of welds between diaphragm and skin plate would cause an unstable hysteretic response under the column top horizontal cyclic loading. The proposed weak-axis connection system could not only simplify the design calculation progress when I-section column is adopted in frame structural design but also effectively satisfy the requirements of ‘strong joint and weak member’, as well as lower steel consumption.

Optimum Design of Cold-formed Steel Portal Frame Buildings Including Joint Effects and Secondary Members

Duoc T. Phan,James B.P. Lim,Tiku T. Tanyimboh,Wei Sha 한국강구조학회 2017 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.17 No.2

In steel portal frames, cold-formed steel channel sections are increasingly used as the primary framing components, in addition to the secondary members e.g. purlins and side rails. For such framing systems, the stiffness of the joints at the eaves and apex affects the bending moment distribution, as well as the frame deflections. This paper investigates the influence of two joint configurations having full rigidity and semi-rigidity, respectively, on the optimum design of cold-formed steel portal frames. A real-coded genetic algorithm is used to search for the most cost-effective design. It is shown that through incorporating joint effects explicitly into the design process, a more appropriate balance between the joints and the member properties can be obtained, thus optimizing material use. The study then investigates the effect of secondary members on the optimum design. It is shown that incorporating the secondary members is important for portal frames having spans shorter than 12 m. For example, for a frame spacing less than 6 m, the material cost of the primary members can be reduced by up to 15%.

Structural Design for Roll-Formed Aluminium Alloy Perforated Channels Subjected to Interior-Two-Flange Web Crippling: Experimental Tests, Numerical Simulation, and Neural Network

Zhiyuan Fang,Krishanu Roy,James B.P. Lim 한국강구조학회 2023 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.23 No.3

This study analyses the interior-two-flange (ITF) web crippling strength of roll-formed aluminum alloy lipped channels (RA channels) with web holes employing experimental testing, numerical modeling, and deep neural network (i.e., Deep belief Network, DBN). A total of 30 experimental tests on web crippling behavior were carried out, with the results utilized to validate a finite element (FE) model, developed in this study. The experimental results were compared to the data produced by the validated FE model, which was then used to train the DBN model. The results of the DBN prediction were shown to be around 5% more conservative than the FE results. In order to evaluate the effects of associated factors on the ITF web crippling strength of RA channels, a comprehensive parametric study was conducted using the DBN. The design guidelines that are currently available in the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI 2016), the Australian and New Zealand Standards (AS/NZS 1997; AS/NZS (2018)), and the Eurocode (CEN 2007) were found to be unreliable while determining the ITF web crippling strength of RA channels. The DBN's predictions developed new formulae for calculating the web crippling strength reduction factors. After conducting a reliability study, it was found that the developed strength reduction factor equations are reliable when calculating the ITF web crippling strength of such perforated roll-formed aluminium alloy channels.

Tests and Finite Element Modelling of Cold-Formed Steel Zed and Hat Section Columns Under Axial Compression

G. Beulah Gnana Ananthi,Krishanu Roy,James B.P. Lim 한국강구조학회 2021 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.21 No.4

This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation into the buckling behaviour of axially loaded cold-formed steel (CFS) zed and hat sections. In total, 12 experimental tests are reported, of those 6 tests are on CFS zed sections and the remaining 6 are on CFS hat sections. The failure modes, ultimate loads, and load–displacement curves of the specimens were reported and analyzed. The experiments revealed the deformation mechanism of both the zed and hat sections failing in distortional mode. Nonlinear fi nite element (FE) models are then described for both the zed and hat sections, which include material non-linearity and geometric imperfections. The validated fi nite element models were then used for the purpose of parametric studies comprising 140 models, which include 70 models each for CFS zed and hat sections. Ten diff erent crosssections were analyzed in the parametric study for both the zed and hat sections. The axial strengths obtained from the experimental tests and FE analysis were used to assess the performance of the current design guidelines as per the Direct Strength Method for both the zed and hat sections. From the comparison, it was found that the design strengths are un-conservative by 7% and 10% on average for CFS zed and hat sections, respectively. An improved design equation was therefore proposed for those CFS zed section columns, which failed by either distortional buckling or through a combination of distortional and global interactive buckling. The proposed equation gave a close comparison against FE results, being conservative to the FE results by only 3%. Reliability analysis was also performed to confi rm the reliability of the proposed design equation.

Experimental and numerical investigations on axial strength of back-to-back built-up cold-formed steel angle columns

G. Beulah Gnana Ananthi,Krishanu Roy,James B.P. Lim 국제구조공학회 2019 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.31 No.6

In cold-formed steel (CFS) structures, such as trusses, wall frames and columns, the use of back-to-back built-up CFS angle sections are becoming increasingly popular. In such an arrangement, intermediate fasteners are required at discrete points along the length, preventing the angle-sections from buckling independently. Limited research is available in the literature on the axial strength of back-to-back built-up CFS angle sections. The issue is addressed herein. This paper presents the results of 16 experimental tests, conducted on back-to-back built-up CFS screw fastened angle sections under axial compression. A nonlinear finite element model is then described, which includes material non-linearity, geometric imperfections and explicit modelling of the intermediate fasteners. The finite element model was validated against the experimental test results. The validated finite element model was then used for the purpose of a parametric study comprising 66 models. The effect of fastener spacing on axial strength was investigated. Four different cross-sections and two different thicknesses were analyzed in the parametric study, varying the slenderness ratio of the built-up columns from 20 to 120. Axial strengths obtained from the experimental tests and finite element analysis were used to assess the performance of the current design guidelines as per the Direct Strength Method (DSM); obtained comparison showed that the DSM is over-conservative by 13% on average. This paper has therefore proposed improved design rules for the DSM and verified their accuracy against the finite element and test results of back-to-back built-up CFS angle sections under axial compression.

Experimental and numerical study of an innovative 4-channels cold-formed steel built-up column under axial compression

Beulah Gnana Ananthi G,Krishanu Roy,James B. P. Lim 국제구조공학회 2022 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.42 No.4

This paper reports on experiments addressing the buckling and collapse behavior of an innovative built-up coldformed steel (CFS) columns. The built-up column consists of four individual CFS lipped channels, two of them placed back-toback at the web using two self-drilling screw fasteners at specified spacing along the column length, while the other two channels were connected flange-to-flange using one self-drilling screw fastener at specified spacing along the column length. In total, 12 experimental tests are reported, covering a wide range of column lengths from stub to slender columns. The initial geometric imperfections and material properties were determined for all test specimens. The effect of screw spacing, load-versus axial shortening behaviour and buckling modes for different lengths and screw spacing were investigated. Nonlinear finite element (FE) models were also developed, which included material nonlinearities and initial geometric imperfections. The FE models were validated against the experimental results, both in terms of axial capacity and failure modes of built-up CFS columns. Furthermore, using the validated FE models, a parametric study was conducted which comprises 324 models to investigate the effect of screw fastener spacing, thicknesses and wide range of lengths on axial capacity of back-to-back and flange-to-flange built-up CFS channel sections. Using both the experimental and FE results, it is shown that design in accordance with the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and Australia/New Zealand (AS/NZS) standards is slightly conservative by 6% on average, while determining the axial capacity of back-to-back and flange-to-flange built-up CFS channel sections.