EVIDENTIALITY, PAST, AND PERSON IN MONGOLIAN AND KOREAN

JAEMOG SONG 계명대학교 한국학연구원 2013 Acta Koreana Vol.16 No.1

This article analyzes grammatical forms of Mongolian and Korean which can describe past situations. Mongolian suffixes -laa, -jee and -v are past tense forms, but they have different evidential connotations: firsthand past -laa, non-firsthand past -jee and neutral past -v. Korean has two grammatical forms which are mainly employed for past situation description: -ess- and -te-. Korean -ess- is a past tense form but -te- is an evidential form. Korean -te- is a firsthand evidential (past sensory observation), indicating that the speaker has firsthand information about the situation and that the information was acquired before the speech time. Non-firsthand past -jee in Mongolian and firsthand evidential -te- in Korean show a superficial similarity in their subject restriction. They are not usually allowed in first person contexts. When the first person participants lack awareness, control or intention of the situation, -jee and -te- are allowed with first person participants, the so-called ‘first person effect’. This article proposes to divide firsthand evidentials into three subtypes depending on the referential scope of the observee: experiencer-oriented, performer-oriented and observer-oriented evidential. ‘First person effect’ is redefined in this article to incorporate examples from ‘observer-oriented evidential’.

증거성과 인칭의 상호작용

송재목(Jaemog Song) 사단법인 한국언어학회 2015 언어학 Vol.0 No.73

This paper analyzes interactions of person and evidentiality. While direct evidentials are usually used to describe events of the speaker, rarely are indirect ones. Indirect evidentials can be used with first person participants when the speaker lacks awareness, intention or control of the situation, the so-called "first person effect". There are, however, direct evidentials which behave like indirect evidentials in terms of its relation with person. Korean and Amdo-Tibetan direct evidential are not allowed to describe the speaker’s events. Further, they display ‘first person effect’-like phenomenon. They are allowed with first person participants to describe unconcious, unintentional, or uncontrolled situations. Observing such differences among direct evidentials across languages, this paper proposes to divide them into three subtypes depending on their referential scope: comprehensive, periphery-oriented, center-oriented. The comprehensive direct evidential, typologically the most common type among the three, includes not only the deictic center (origo, the speaker) but also the outside, hence there is no subject restriction on it. The periphery-oriented direct evidential, found in Korean and Amdo-Tibetan, does not include the deictic center within its scope and is not used to describe first person events. The center-oriented direct evidentials, found in Kashaya and Central Pomo, only have the deictic center within its scope. This paper also argues that ‘first person effect’ is a kind of deictic projection. Indirect evidentials are allowed to describe first person events in a situation that the speaker is moved from the position of ‘deictic center’ to the outside, when the speaker lacks awareness, intention or control of the situation. Periphery-oriented direct evidentials, which have the same referential scope of indirect evidentials, also show first person effect in the same situations.

의외성(mirative)에 대하여

송재목(Song, Jaemog) 한국언어학회 2016 언어 Vol.41 No.4

Since mirativity was first proposed as an independent grammatical category of `new, unexpected information" in DeLancey (1997), its existence has been reported in many languages. Korean suffixes such as -kun, -ney, -te- have been analyzed as mirative markers too. However, there has been much controversy over mirativity in the literature concerned with its status as an independent category. Grammatical forms which were claimed as mirative markers later turned out to be markers of evidential or mediative. This paper examines problems found in the notion and examples of the mirative. It also analyzes problems in the claims of mirative markers in Korean.

‘어근’, ‘어기’, ‘어간’을 다시 보며

송재목(Song, Jaemog) 한국언어학회 2020 언어 Vol.45 No.4

Though root, base and stem are basic terms in morphology, they have been used with different concepts in the literature of Korean linguistics. This paper analyses them from two different approaches: (i) concepts used widely in general linguistics and Korean linguistics and (ii) concepts used by Lee (1975/1993) and others which adopted Hockett (1958). Some scholars criticize the concept of ‘base’ in general linguistics, arguing that it is not appropriate to explain compounding or it is not necessary in Korean which does not have inflectional affixes. Others argue that the terms of root, base and stem in general linguistics are not suitable since they can refer to the same element. This paper refutes such arguments. Lee (1975/1993) argues that his concepts of ‘root and stem’ are adopted from Hockett (1958). This paper, however, shows that there are differences between their concepts. Lee (1975/1993) seems to use two conditions [the possibility of being directly connected by an inflectional affix] and [a free form] to distinguish root and stem. This paper questions the salience of the two conditions, claiming that they are arbitrary and there is no morphological phenomenon which requires both of them. Another problem Lee (1975/1993) faces is that it does not provide consistent morphological terms to refer to the forms that bear the same morphological functions. A third problem which Lee (1975) shows is that it does not have terms for derivational processes. This paper proposes the distinctions of ‘inflectional bound root/base’ and ‘non-inflectional bound root/base’ for Korean morphology and argues that such distinctions help to properly capture morphological structures of Korean words.

『일동장유가』의 인용구문

송재목(Song Jaemog) 한글학회 2019 한글 Vol.- No.324

이 글에서는 18세기 장편 기행가사인『일동장유가』의 인용구문을 분석하였다. 『일동장유가』는 한국어에서 인용표지가 사용되는 가장 이른 시기의 문헌 중의 하나로 한국어 인용구문에 있어서 중요한 변화를 보여 주는 자료이다. 『일동장유가』에는 다양한 인용구문이 사용된다. 총 458회의 인용구문 중에서 인용동사구문이 402회(87.8%), 인용명사구문이 20회(4.4%), 무인용술어구문이 36회(7.8%) 사용된다. 『일동장유가』에서는 인용동사가 52개, 인용명사가 9개 사용된다. 그 중에서 가장 높은 출현 빈도를 보이는 것은 ‘하다’로 248회 사용되며, ‘니라다/닐다, 엿잡다, 간쳥/간쳥하다, 서셔 뵈다’ 등이 뒤를 잇는다. 중세 한국어에서는 인용동사가 피인용문 앞에 위치하는 것이 전형적이지만, 『일동장유가』에서는 선행 인용구문보다 후행 인용구문이 두 배 이상 사용되어 중세 한국어의 인용구문과 차이를 보인다. 일동장유가에서는 6개의 인용동사가 인용표지 ‘(하)고’를 취한다. 그렇지만 전체 후행 인용구문 290회 중에서 오직 8곳에서만 인용표지를 사용하고 있어, 인용표지의 사용이 일부 인용동사에 한정된 예외적인 현상임을 보여 준다. 『일동장유가』에서 ‘하다’는 주로 후행 인용동사로 사용되지만, 23곳에서는 선행 인용동사로 사용된다. ‘하다’가 선행 인용동사로 사용되는 예는 『원인석보』, 「순천김씨묘출토간찰」, 『명의록언해』 등에서도 관찰된다. 현대 한국어 경상방언에서도 ‘하다’에 대응하는 ‘카다’는 선행 인용동사로 사용된다. 이들 자료는 ‘하다’가 앞선 시기에는 중부방언을 포함해 보다 많은 방언에서 선행 인용동사로 사용되었다는 것을 보여준다. ‘하다’의 어간 ‘하-’는 다양한 환경에서 생략된다. ‘하-’의 생략은 4.3조의 운율을 맞추기 위해 거의 기계적으로 일어나는 현상이다. 인용표지 ‘하고’와 ‘-고’의 선택 역시 운율을 맞추기 위한 기계적인 선택으로, 문법화 과정에서 일어나는 형태-음운론적 축약으로 보기는 어렵다. This paper analyses quotative constructions in Ildongjangyuga(日東壯遊歌), an 18<SUP>th</SUP> century work of travel gasa literature. It is one of the first documents in which the quotative marker(hʌ)ko was used. Quotative constructions appear 458 times in the book, of which 402 (87.8%) are quotative verbs, 20 (4.4%) are quotative nouns, and 36 (7.8%) are quotative constructions without either a quotative verb or noun. It uses 52 quotative verbs and 9 quotative nouns. The most frequently used quotative verb is hʌ-, which is used 248 times, followed by nilʌ/nil-, yescʌp-, kanchenghʌ- in order of frequency. While quotative predicates in Middle Korean typically precede quotations, most quotative predicates in Ildongjangyuga follow the quotations. Quotative verbs followed quotations in 290 (68.7%) cases and preceded them in 132 (31.3%) cases. Six quotative verbs take the quotative marker (hʌ)ko in 8 of the 290 post-quotation constructions, which illustrates its rarity confined to a few quotative verbs. Though the quotative verb hʌ- in Ildongjangyuga is mostly used in post-quotation constructions, it appears 23 times in pre-quotation constructions. The use of hʌ- in pre-quotation constructions is also found in 15th, 16th, and other 18th century documents. The quotative verb ha- in Modern Korean, which is the counterpart of hʌ- in Middle Korean, cannot be used in pre-quotation constructions in the Central dialect of Korean, whereas its counterpart kha- can appear in pre-quotation constructions in the Kyeongsang dialect. The use of the quotative verb hʌ- in Middle and Early Modern Korean documents shows that the quotative verb hʌ- was used in pre-quotation constructions in other dialects in the past. The stem of the verb hʌ- can be omitted in various circumstances. Sometimes only its vowel is deleted, leaving its consonant to combine with the initial consonant of the succeeding suffix. The elision of hʌ- is systematic in Ildongjangyuga. Ildongjangyuga is written in a poetic style that constantly repeats four- and three-syllable words. In every case in which the last word in a quotation has three or more syllables or the quotative verb hʌ- is followed by a suffix which has two or more syllables, the stem hʌ- is deleted to maintain the metre. Ildongjangyuga uses the quotative marker hʌko and its shortened form –ko. The distribution of hʌko and –ko can also be explained by the systematic deletion of hʌ-. The two forms of quotative markers demonstrate the same kind of elision to maintain the metre. They are not likely to be a morpho-phonological deletion which often accompanies the process of grammaticalization.

DnaJC18, a Novel Type III DnaJ Family Protein, is Expressed Specifically in Rat Male Germ Cells

Gomes, Cynthia,Soh, Jaemog The Korean Society of Developmental Biology 2017 발생과 생식 Vol.21 No.3

Mammalian spermatogenesis occurs in a precise and coordinated manner in the seminiferous tubules. One of the attempts to understand the detailed biological process during mammalian spermatogenesis at the molecular level has been to identify the testis specific genes followed by study of the testicular expression pattern of the genes. From the subtracted cDNA library of rat testis prepared using representational difference analysis (RDA) method, a complimentary DNA clone encoding type III member of a DnaJ family protein, DnaJC18, was cloned (GenBank Accession No. DQ158861). The full-length DnaJC18 cDNA has the longest open reading frame of 357 amino acids. Tissue and developmental Northern blot analysis revealed that the DnaJC18 gene was expressed specifically in testis and began to express from postnatal week 4 testis, respectively. In situ hybridization studies showed that DnaJC18 mRNA was expressed only during the maturation stages of late pachytene, round and elongated spermatids of adult rat testis. Western blot analysis with DnaJC18 antibody revealed that 41.2 kDa DnaJC18 protein was detected only in adult testis. Immunohistochemistry study further confirmed that DnaJC18 protein, was expressed in developing germ cells and the result was in concert with the in situ hybridization result. Confocal microscopy with GFP tagged DnaJC18 protein revealed that it was localized in the cytoplasm of cells. Taken together, these results suggested that testis specific DnaJC18, a member of the type III DnaJ protein family, might play a role during germ cell maturation in adult rat testis.

The Protective Effects of N-Acetyl-L-cysteine on Cadmium-induced Cell Apoptosis in Rat Testis

Ji-Sun Kim,Jaemog Soh 대한의생명과학회 2019 Biomedical Science Letters Vol.25 No.4

Cadmium (Cd) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn cause the apoptosis of various cell types including developing germ cells in rodent testis. Ascorbic acids (AA), one of the ROS scavengers, had been reported to protect against Cd-induced apoptosis. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), another ROS scavenger, is known to remove ROS and alleviate the Cd-induced apoptosis in various cell types. In this study we tried to elucidate how NAC affected on Cd-induced cell apoptosis in rat testis. Rats were administered with NAC before and after Cd treatment and then testicular cell apoptosis was examined. NAC treatment resulted in the reduction of Cd-induced chromosomal DNA fragmentation in agarose gel electrophoresis. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay showed that treatment of NAC reduced the Cd-induced apoptosis of germ cells. The administration of NAC showed that the translocation of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to nucleus was prevented, which indicated that the mechanism of Cd-induced testicular apoptosis is mediated through the release of AIF in caspase-independent manner. Taken together, the NAC may remove Cd-induced ROS and protect ROS-induced cell apoptosis in rat testis.

Expression of ectodermal neural cortex 1 and its association with actin during the ovulatory process in the rat.

Kim, Sun-Gyun,Jang, Soo-Jeong,Soh, Jaemog,Lee, Keesook,Park, Jin-Ki,Chang, Won-Kyong,Park, Eung-Woo,Chun, Sang-Young Association for the Study of Internal Secretions 2009 Endocrinology Vol.150 No.8

<P>Ectodermal neural cortex (ENC) 1, a member of the kelch family of genes, is an actin-binding protein and plays a pivotal role in neuronal and adipocyte differentiation. The present study was designed to examine the gonadotropin regulation and action of ENC1 during the ovulatory process in immature rats. The levels of ENC1 mRNA and protein were stimulated by LH/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) within 3 h both in vivo and in vitro. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that ENC1 mRNA was localized not only in theca/interstitial cells but also in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles but not of growing follicles in pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin/hCG-treated ovaries. LH-induced ENC1 expression was suppressed by a high dose of protein kinase C inhibitor RO 31-8220 (10 microM) but not by low doses of RO 31-8220 (0.1-1.0 microM), suggesting the involvement of atypical protein kinase C. ENC1 was detected in both nucleus and cytoplasm that was increased by LH/hCG treatment. Both biochemical and morphological analysis revealed that LH/hCG treatment increased actin polymerization within 3 h in granulosa cells. Interestingly, ENC1 physically associated with actin and treatment with cytochalasin D, an actin-depolymerizing agent, abolished this association. Confocal microscopy further demonstrated the colocalization of ENC1 with filamentous actin (F-actin). The present study demonstrates that LH/hCG stimulates ENC1 expression and increases F-actin formation in granulosa cells. The present study further shows the physical association of ENC1 and F-actin, implicating the role of ENC1 in cytoskeletal reorganization during the differentiation of granulosa cells.</P>

Characterization of Four Yeast Artigicial chromosome clones Mapped to Human chromosome 21q22.1 with Eight Markers

Kim, Min-young,kwon, Hyuk-Bang,soh, Jaemog Korean Society of Molecular Biology 1997 Molecules and cells Vol.7 No.4

The changed immunoreactivity of StarD6 after pilocarpine-induced epilepsy

Chang, In Youb,Kim, Joong Kwon,Lee, Seung Myung,Kim, Jin Nam,Soh, Jaemog,Kim, Jung Woo,Yoon, Sang Pil Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Inc. 2009 NEUROREPORT - Vol.20 No.10

This study was designed whether StarD6 is also affected by neurodegenerative stimuli, as other START proteins may be one of the delivery proteins in cholesterol metabolism of neurosteroid synthesis. Increased immunoreactivity of StarD6 was observed in all zones of the hippocampus by the administration of pilocarpine (350 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). More intense StarD6 immunolocalization was seen in the strata radiatum and lacunosum-moleculare, particularly in CA1-2 areas until 12 h after pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. StarD6 protein level was transiently increased at 3 h after pilocarpine-treated rat hippocampus comparing with normal rat. This raises the possibility that StarD6 might have nuclear roles and contribute to subsequent formation of neuroprotective steroids after excitotoxic brain injury.