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Gas Migration in Low- and Intermediate-Level Waste (LILW) Disposal Facility in Korea
Jaechul Ha,Jeong-Hwan Lee,Haeryong Jung,Juyub Kim,Juyoul Kim 한국방사성폐기물학회 2014 방사성폐기물학회지 Vol.12 No.4
본 연구에서는 중·저준위방사성폐기물 처분시설(이하 처분시설)에서 발생하는 기체의 이동현상을 예측하기 위한 2차원 수 치 모델링을 수행하였다. 또한, 기체 이동 모델링에서 주요 입력변수로 적용되는 사일로 콘크리트의 기체침투압(gas entry pressure)와 기체 투과도(gas permeability)를 실측하여, 모델링 입력변수로 적용하였다. 사일로 콘크리트의 기체침투압(gas entry pressure)와 기체 투과도(gas permeability)는 각각 0.97±0.15 bar 및 2.44×10-17 m2로 측정되었다. 기체 이동 모델링 결과, 사일로 내부에서 발생하는 수소 기체는 기상으로 이동하지 않고 지하수에 용해되어 지하수와 함께 생태계로 이동하는 것을 알 수 있다. 또한, 폐쇄 후 약 1,000 년 후 부터 사일로 상부부터 수소기체 밀도가 증가하기 시작하는 것으로 예측되었 다. 따라서, 사일로 내부에서 발생된 기체는 기상으로 사일로 내부에 축적되지 않으며, 이로 인해 사일로 콘크리트의 내구성 에 영향을 미치지 않을 것으로 판단된다. The first Low- and Intermediate-Level Waste (LILW) disposal facility with 6 silos has been constructed in granite host rock saturated with groundwater in Korea. A two-dimensional numerical modeling on gas migration was carried out using TOUGH2 with EOS5 module in the disposal facility. Laboratory-scale experiments were also performed to measure the important properties of silo concrete related with gas migration. The gas entry pressure and relative gas permeability of the concrete was determined to be 0.97±0.15 bar and 2.44×10-17 m2, respectively. The results of the numerical modeling showed that hydrogen gas generated from radioactive wastes was dissolved in groundwater and migrated to biosphere as an aqueous phase. Only a small portion of hydrogen appeared as a gas phase after 1,000 years of gas generation. The results strongly suggested that hydrogen gas does not accumulate inside the disposal facility as a gas phase. Therefore, it is expected that there would be no harmful effects on the integrity of the silo concrete due to gas generation.
Ha, Jaechul,Son, Yuhwa,Cho, Chunhyung Korean Radioactive Waste Society 2020 방사성폐기물학회지 Vol.18 No.4
Numerical model was developed that simulates radionuclide (3H and 14C) transport modeling at the 2nd phase facility at the Wolsong LILW Disposal Center. Four scenarios were simulated with different assumptions about the integrity of the components of the barrier system. For the design case, the multi-barrier system was shown to be effective in diverting infiltration water around the vaults containing radioactive waste. Nevertheless, the volatile radionuclide 14C migrates outside the containment system and through the unsaturated zone, driven by gas diffusion. 3H is largely contained within the vaults where it decays, with small amounts being flushed out in the liquid state. Various scenarios were examined in which the integrity of the cover barrier system or that of the concrete were compromised. In the absence of any engineered barriers, 3H is washed out to the water table within the first 20 years. The release of 14C by gas diffusion is suppressed if percolation fluxes through the facility are high after a cover failure. However, the high fluxes lead to advective transport of 14C dissolved in the liquid state. The concrete container is an effective barrier, with approximately the same effectiveness as the cover.
Simulation of Unsaturated Fluid Flow on the 2nd Phase Facility at the Wolsong LILW Disposal Center
Jaechul Ha,Jeonghwan Lee,Jeonghyoun Yoon 한국방사성폐기물학회 2017 방사성폐기물학회지 Vol.15 No.3
본 연구는 경주 중·저준위처분장 2단계 표층처분시설의 폐쇄 후 안전성에 대한 불확실성을 예측·평가하기 위하여 수행되 었다. 다중덮개와 처분고의 건전/열화를 고려한 총4가지의 시나리오를 도출하여 강우침투 시 예상되는 처분시설 내부의 유 체 이동을 모사하였다. 강우 조건은 총 30년(1985~2014) 간의 월평균 데이터를 적용하였으며, 시뮬레이션 기간은 제도적 관 리기간인 300년으로 설정하였다. 처분덮개와 처분고 콘크리트 모두 건전성을 유지하는 조건의 기본 시나리오 평가 결과, 처 분시설 내부의 처분고를 완전히 포화시키지 못하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 다중 덮개층을 구성하는 8개 층의 각 매질의 모 세관 압력과 투과도 차이로 인하여 다중 덮개층이 효과적으로 차수·배수 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. This study was conducted to predict and evaluate the uncertainty of safety after closure of the second phase surface disposal facility of the Gyeongju intermediate and low level repository in Korea. In this study, four scenarios are developed considering both intact and degraded states of multi-layered covers and disposal containers; also, the fluid flow by a rainfall into the disposal facility is simulated. The rainfall conditions are implemented based on the monthly average data of the past 30 years (1985~2014); the simulation period is 300 years, the management period regulated by institutional provisions. As a result of the evaluation of the basic scenario, in which the integrity of both of the containers and the covers is maintained, it was confirmed that penetration of rainfall does not completely saturate the inside of the disposal facility. It is revealed that the multiple cover layers and concrete containers effectively play the role of barrier against the permeation of rainfall.
TOUGH2 전산코드의 MINC 기법을 이용한 불포화 암반 내 단열 해석 방법론 개발
하재철 ( Jaechul Ha ),정재열 ( Jae-yeol Cheong ),김수진 ( Soogin Kim ),윤정현 ( Jeonghyoun Yoon ) 대한지질공학회 2016 지질공학 Vol.26 No.3
현재 경주 중저준위방사성폐기물 처분장(이하 ‘경주방폐장’)에서는 2단계 표층처분시설이 계획중에 있으며, 포화대에 위치한 1단계 처분시설과는 달리 불포화대 상부에 위치하게 된다. 단열을 포함하는 불포화대의 특성상 지하수 및 용질의 대부분이 단열을 통해 이동할 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 불포화 암반 매질에 대한 정밀한 해석을 위하여 단열망 연속체와 암반 매질 연속체를 구분하여 해석하는 TOUGH2 전산코드의 meshmaker 모듈의 MINC 기법을 활용하였다. TOUGH2 MINC 기법의 기존 국내 연구 사례가 미미하여 본 연구에서는 MINC를 이용한 mesh 구성 방법에 대한 절차를 개발하였으며, 단열 연속체와 암반매질 연속체의 k-field를 생성하였다. 이와 같이 생성된 도메인은 향후 이중 연속체를 기반으로 경주방폐장의 지하수 유동 및 오염물질 이동 등에 활용될 뿐만 아니라 단열이 발달한 암반에서 단열-암반매질 연결성을 고려한 단열망 유동 특성을 분석하는데 참고가 될 것으로 기대한다. The second phase of low- and intermediate-level waste (LILW) disposal facility is under planned on the sedimentary rock in unsaturated zone. In this study, we created two meshes which were a matrix continuum mesh and a fracture continuum mesh to carry out 2 dimensional numerical modeling for groundwater flow in the unsaturated zone containing fractures focused on the second phase of LILW disposal facility. Two continuum meshes were developed using MINC in meshmaker module of TOUGH2 code. A fracture continuum mesh was included the k-field distribution of the permeability derived from the Discrete Fractured Network (DFN) modeling. To apply the unsaturated zone for the modeling, the gridding steps to generate mesh were developed. Each step to generate a mesh consisted of definition of materials, setting the initial conditions and creating grids using MINC. The methodology development of meshes in this study will be applied for more precise modeling of groundwater flow and mass transport.
Uridylation by TUT4 and TUT7 Marks mRNA for Degradation
Lim, Jaechul,Ha, Minju,Chang, Hyeshik,Kwon, S.?Chul,Simanshu, Dhirendra?K.,Patel, Dinshaw?J.,Kim, V.?Narry Elsevier 2014 Cell Vol.159 No.6
<P><B>Summary</B></P> <P>Uridylation occurs pervasively on mRNAs, yet its mechanism and significance remain unknown. By applying TAIL-seq, we identify TUT4 and TUT7 (TUT4/7), also known as ZCCHC11 and ZCCHC6, respectively, as mRNA uridylation enzymes. Uridylation readily occurs on deadenylated mRNAs in cells. Consistently, purified TUT4/7 selectively recognize and uridylate RNAs with short A-tails (less than ∼25?nt) in?vitro. PABPC1 antagonizes uridylation of polyadenylated mRNAs, contributing to the specificity for short A-tails. In cells depleted of TUT4/7, the vast majority of mRNAs lose the oligo-U-tails, and their half-lives are extended. Suppression of mRNA decay factors leads to the accumulation of oligo-uridylated mRNAs. In line with this, microRNA induces uridylation of its targets, and TUT4/7 are required for enhanced decay of microRNA targets. Our study explains the mechanism underlying selective uridylation of deadenylated mRNAs and demonstrates a fundamental role of oligo-U-tail as a molecular mark for global mRNA decay.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> TUT4 and TUT7 uridylate mRNAs and thereby facilitate mRNA decay </LI> <LI> TUT4 and TUT7 selectively uridylate deadenylated mRNAs with a short A-tail (<∼25 nt) </LI> <LI> Uridylation is induced by miRNAs and enhances degradation of miRNA targets </LI> <LI> Oligo-U-tail serves as a general molecular mark for mRNA decay </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical Abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Mixed tailing by TENT4A and TENT4B shields mRNA from rapid deadenylation
Lim, Jaechul,Kim, Dongwan,Lee, Young-suk,Ha, Minju,Lee, Mihye,Yeo, Jinah,Chang, Hyeshik,Song, Jaewon,Ahn, Kwangseog,Kim, V. Narry American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2018 Science Vol.361 No.6403
<P>RNA tails play integral roles in the regulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) translation and decay. Guanylation of the poly(A) tail was discovered recently, yet the enzymology and function remain obscure. Here we identify TENT4A (PAPD7) and TENT4B (PAPD5) as the enzymes responsible for mRNA guanylation. Purified TENT4 proteins generate amixed poly(A) tail with intermittent non-adenosine residues, the most common of which is guanosine. A single guanosine residue is sufficient to impede the deadenylase CCR4-NOT complex, which trims the tail and exposes guanosine at the 3' end. Consistently, depletion of TENT4A and TENT4B leads to a decrease in mRNA half-life and abundance in cells. Thus, TENT4A and TENT4B produce a mixed tail that shields mRNA from rapid deadenylation. Our study unveils the role of mixed tailing and expands the complexity of posttranscriptional gene regulation.</P>